1、ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15Recommended Practice forPhotobiological Safetyfor Lamps and Lamp Systems General RequirementsANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems General Requirements Publication of this Recommended Practicehas been approved by IES.Suggest
2、ions for revisions should be directed to IES.Prepared by:The Photobiology Committee of theIlluminating Engineering Society of North America ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 Copyright 2015 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Approved by the IES Board of Directors, August 18, 2015 as a Transa
3、ction of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Approved as an American National Standard, November 6, 2015.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES. Pu
4、blished by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005. IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in thi
5、s document, please forward them to the IES Technical Director of Standards, at the above address for verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.ISBN # 978-0-87995-321-8Printed in the United States of America.DISCLAIMERIES publications are developed through the cons
6、ensus standards development process approved by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the IES administers the process and establishes policies and proced
7、ures to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein. The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, c
8、onsequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document.In issuing and making this document available, the IES is not undertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity. Nor is the IES under
9、taking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent profes-sional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances.The IES ha
10、s no power, nor does it undertake, to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this document. Nor does the IES list, certify, test or inspect products, designs, or installations for compliance with this document. Any certification or statement of compliance with the require-ments of this do
11、cument shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDApproval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other cr
12、iteria have been met by the standards developer.Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, sub-stantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessari
13、ly unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the stan
14、dards or not, from manu-facturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstanc-es give an interpretation to any American National Standard. Moreover,
15、 no person shall have the right or authority to issue and interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.CAU
16、TION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised at any time. The pro-cedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standa
17、rds may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems - General RequirementsPrepared by The IES Photobiology Committee David Sliney, ChairR. BergmanG. BrainardJ.
18、 BulloughD. Burnett*G. Costa*R. Daubach*J. DowdyJ. Fischer*P. ForbesD. GrossH. Hoover*A. JacksonA. Kim*R. Landry*R. LevinA. Lewis*T. LyonM. Mainster*N. Miller*S. MillerS. MintzJ. OHaganM. Phillips*T. PocockJ. Roberts*R. SayreJ. SheehyR. Soler*K. Stekr*A. ThompsonJ. Urbanowski*R. VincentS. Wengraitis
19、M. Wolbarsht*V. Wu*E. YandekS. Zigman* AdvisoryANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 Please refer to the IES Bookstore after you purchase this IES Standard, for possible Errata, Addenda, and Clarifications, www.ies.org/bookstoreContents1.0 Introduction 12.0 Scope .13.0 Definitions .13.1 Assessment
20、 Distance13.2 Blue Light Hazard .13.3 Continuous Wave (CW) Lamp .13.4 Emission Limit23.5 Erythema 23.6 Exposure Limit .23.7 Effective Exposure Distance 23.8 General Lighting Source, GLS.23.9 Hazard Distance 23.10 Infrared Radiation .23.11 Lamp23.12 Lamp System.23.13 Lamp Packaging 23.14 Minimal Perc
21、eptible Erythema, MPE33.15 Ocular Hazard Distance 33.16 Photokeratoconjunctivitis 33.17 Pulsed Lamp .33.18 Retinal Thermal Hazard 33.19 Retinal Hazard Spectral Region33.20 Skin Hazard Distance 33.21 Time-Weighted-Average (TWA) Exposure .33.22 Ultraviolet Radiation .33.22 Visible Radiation 33.24 Visu
22、al Angle34.0 Exposure Limits 34.1 General34.2 Ultraviolet Exposure Limits .44.2.1 General.44.2.2 200 nm to 400 nm Skin and Eye Exposure Limit.44.2.3 320 nm to 400 nm Eye Exposure Limit 44.3 Light and Near Infrared Radiation Exposure Limits .54.3.1 Retinal Thermal Hazard Exposure Limit .54.3.2 Retina
23、l Blue Light Hazard Exposure Limit 64.3.3 Retinal Blue Light Hazard Exposure Limit - Small Source7ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 4.3.4 The Aphakic Eye Hazard Exposure Limit.84.3.5 Infrared Radiation Hazard Exposure Limit 84.3.6 Infrared Radiation Hazard Exposure Limit - Weak Visual Stimulus.84.3.7 Skin - Therm
24、al Hazard Exposure Limit 85.0 Measurements of Lamps and Lamp Systems 95.1 Radiance 95.2 Irradiance or Radiant Exposure Field of View 95.3 Instruments 95.4 Test Conditions .96.0 Specific Requirements 106.1 Warning Signs or Labels Applied by the User.106.2 Technical Information .106.3 Lamp System Requ
25、irements .106.4 User Precautions - General 10Glossary 11Annex A - Summary of Biological Effects .17Annex B - Units and Conversions .22Annex C - Examples of Warning Labels 231ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 1.0 INTRODUCTIONLamps were developed and produced in large quan-tities and became commonplace in an era wh
26、en industry-wide safety standards were not common. The evaluation and control of lamp hazards is a far more complicated subject than similar tasks for a single-wavelength laser system. The required radio-metric measurements are quite involved, for they do not deal with the simple optics of a point s
27、ource, but rather with an extended source which may or may not be altered by diffusers or projection optics. Also, the wavelength distribution of the lamp may be altered by ancillary optical elements, diffusers, lenses, and the like, as well as variations in operat-ing voltage.To evaluate a broad-ba
28、nd optical source, such as an arc lamp, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp, an array of lamps or a lamp system, it first is necessary to determine the spectral distribu-tion of optical radiation emitted from the source at the point or points of nearest human access. This accessible emission sp
29、ectral distribution of interest for a lighting system may differ from that actually being emitted by the lamp alone due to the filtration by any optical elements (e.g., projection optics) in the light path. Secondly, the size, or projected size, of the source should be characterized in the retinal h
30、azard spectral region. Thirdly, it may be necessary to determine the variation of irradiance and pro-jected radiance (see the Glossary) with distance. The performance of the necessary measurements is not an easy task without sophisticated instruments. Users should normally rely upon the expertise of
31、 manufacturers for information on lamps and lamp systems. Safety requirements and reference mea-surement techniques for lamps and specific lamp systems are provided in later standards of this series (i.e., ANSI/IES RP-27.2-00/R2010 Recommended Practice for Photobiological Safety for Lamps in these c
32、ases, the spectral characteristics of the source and detector are of importance.3.11 LampThe generic name for a man-made source of light is “lamp.” As used in this standard, the term means an electrically powered source, other than an LED used in a fiber-optic communication system or a laser. By ext
33、ension, the term is also used to denote sources that radiate in regions of the spectrum adjacent to the visible region, i.e., in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral ranges. Devices that gener-ate light and have integral components for optical control, such as lenses or reflectors, also are con-sid
34、ered lamps. Examples include a lens-end lamp, and a PAR (parabolic reflector) lamp with a reflec-tor or lens cover.Note: A device consisting of a lamp with shade, reflector, enclosing globe, housing, or other acces-sories has often been called a “lamp.” However, in this standard, a lamp with such ot
35、her components is termed a “lamp system” to distinguish between the assembled unit and the light source within it.3.12 Lamp SystemAny manufactured product or assemblage of com-ponents which incorporates, or is intended to incor-porate a lamp is considered to be a “lamp system,” e.g., a luminaire.3.1
36、3 Lamp PackagingAny carton, outer wrapping, or other means of con-tainment that is intended for the storage, shipment, or display of a lamp(s) or that is intended to identify the contents or to recommend its use is considered to be “lamp packaging.”3ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 3.14 Minimal Perceptible Eryth
37、ema (MPE)The minimum erythemal dose (MED) is the radiant exposure density, e.g., Jm-2, that is just sufficient to elicit a perceptible delayed erythema, i.e., a minimum perceptible erythema (MPE). The MED varies with skin type, time between exposure and evaluation, and ultraviolet spectral distribut
38、ion (see Section 3.3).3.15 Ocular Hazard DistanceThe distance from a source within which the “project-ed radiance” (see Glossary) or irradiance exceeds the applicable exposure limit for momentary (0.25 s) viewing.3.16 PhotokeratoconjunctivitisAn inflammatory response of the cornea and conjunctiva fo
39、llowing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.Wavelengths shorter than 320 nm are most effective in causing photokeratoconjunctivitis. The peak of the action spectrum is approximately at 270 nm.3.17 Pulsed LampA lamp that delivers its energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses where
40、each pulse shall have a time duration of less than 0.25 s.Note 1: The duration of a lamp pulse is the time inter-val between the half-power points on the leading and the trailing edges of the pulse.Note 2: In this standard, GLS lamps are defined to be Continuous Wave lamps (see Section 3.2). Example
41、s of pulsed lamps include photoflash lamps, flash lamps in photocopy machines, and strobe lights.3.18 Retinal Thermal HazardA photochemical or thermal retinal lesion.3.19 Retinal Hazard Spectral RegionThe spectral region from 380 nm to 1400 nm (vis-ible plus IR-A) within which the normal ocular medi
42、a transmit optical radiation to the retina.3.20 Skin Hazard DistanceThe distance at which the irradiance exceeds the applicable RG-2 emission limit for TWA (time weight-ed exposure) exposure.3.21 Time-Weighted-Average (TWA) ExposureThe time-integrated-average exposure equivalent to that which would
43、apply to the exposure dose of a potential photochemical (UV or blue-light) hazard without the movement of the individual or the source (refer to Section 3.1 for distance information).3.22 Ultraviolet RadiationFor practical purposes, UV radiation is any radiation within the wavelength range from 100
44、nm to 400 nm. The UV-C extends from 100 nm to 280 nm, UV-B from 280 nm to 315 nm, and UV-A from 315 nm to 400 nm as defined by the Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE). Frequently in some sub-sectors of photobiology, the wavelength bands are taken as UV-C from 200 nm to 290 nm, UV-B from 29
45、0 nm to 320 nm, and UV-A from 320 nm to 400 nm. Ultraviolet radiation at wavelengths less than 180-200 nm is considered vacuum ultraviolet radiation. Note that the radiation between 380 nm and 400 nm is also considered visible radiation (see Section 3.21) although it also is within the formal defini
46、tion of the ultraviolet band the overlap intended to stress the transition band.3.23 Visible RadiationRadiation within the wavelength range from 380 nm to 780 nm is considered to be visible radiation (See “light” in the Glossary).3.24 Visual AngleThe angle subtended by an object or detail at the poi
47、nt of observation is considered to be the visual angle. It usually is measured in radians, milliradians, degrees, or minutes of arc.4.0 EXPOSURE LIMITS4.1 GeneralPersonnel working with or in the vicinity of lamps and lamp systems should not be exposed to levels exceeding the following limits.These c
48、riteria are based on recommendations for Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists and recommendations in publications of the International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (see Bioeffect Datasheet #7). The specific techniq
49、ues of applying these criteria to lamps and lamp systems are given in later standards 4ANSI/IES RP-27.1-15 of this series, i.e., ANSI/IES RP-27.2-00/R2010, and ANSI/IES RP-27.3-07.The limiting aperture dimensions for irradiance mea-surements given in this document are for general application. However, they may not be appropriate for certain specific conditions and devices. Future documents in this series may modify these dimen-sions for those situations.4.2 Ultraviolet Exposure Limits4.2.1 General The ultraviolet exposure limits repre-sent conditions under which it is bel
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