ANSI INCITS ISO IEC 13250-2003 Information technology SGML applications Topic maps.pdf

1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/24/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council

2、 (ITI).All rights reserved.These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), InternationalElectrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council(ITI). Not for resale. No part of t

3、his publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, withoutthe prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaINTERNATIONALSTANDA

4、RDISO/IEC13250Second edition2003-05-15Reference numberISO/IEC 13250:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003Information technology SGML applications Topic mapsTechnologies de linformation Applications SGML Plans relatifs des sujetsISO/IEC 13250:2003(E)ii ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedPDF disclaimerThis PDF file may c

5、ontain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shallnot be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. Indownloading this file, parties accept therein the responsib

6、ility of not infringing Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariataccepts no liability in this area.Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creationparame

7、ters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In theunlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. ISO/IEC 2003All rights reserved. Unless otherwi

8、se specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below orISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright offi

9、ceCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandISO/IEC 13250:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions 14 Notation 65 Topic maps archit

10、ecture 76 Conformance 24Annex A (normative) Topic maps meta-DTD 25Annex B (informative) Example of an architectural support declaration for the topic mapsarchitecture . 38Annex C (normative) XML DTD for web-oriented topic maps 39ISO/IEC 13250:2003(E)iv ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedForewordISO (th

11、e International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International ElectrotechnicalCommission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members ofISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees est

12、ablishedby the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technicalcommittees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.Interna

13、tional Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to n

14、ational bodies forvoting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodiescasting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patentrights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible fo

15、r identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO/IEC 13250 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,Subcommittee SC 34, Document description and processing languages.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 13250:2000), which has been

16、technicallyrevised.ISO/IEC 13250:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved vIntroductionThis International Standard provides a standardized notation for interchangeably representing informationabout the structure of information resources used to define topics, and the relationships between topics. A

17、setof one or more interrelated documents that employs the notation defined by this International Standard is calleda topic map. In general, the structural information conveyed by topic maps includes: groupings of addressable information objects around topics (“occurrences”), and relationships betwee

18、n topics (“associations”).A topic map defines a multidimensional topic space a space in which the locations are topics, and in whichthe distances between topics are measurable in terms of the number of intervening topics which must be visitedin order to get from one topic to another, and the kinds o

19、f relationships that define the path from one topic toanother, if any, through the intervening topics, if any.NOTE 1 Two topics may be connected through an association, and they can also be connected by virtue of sharing anoccurrence.In addition, information objects can have properties, as well as v

20、alues for those properties, assigned to themexternally. These properties are called facet types.NOTE 2 The word facet can mean one side of a many-sided, polished object, or one segment of a compound eye (e.g. aninsects). Its metaphorical use here captures the idea that a facet is a property of a set

21、 of information objects that can beused to create a view of them.Several topic maps can provide topical structure information about the same information resources. The topicmaps architecture is designed to facilitate merging topic maps without requiring the merged topic maps to becopied or modified.

22、 Because of their extrinsic character, topic maps can be thought of as overlays on, orextensions to, sets of information objects.The base notation of topic maps is SGML; an interchangeable topic map always consists of at least one SGMLdocument, and it may include and/or refer to other kinds informat

23、ion resources. A set of information resourcesthat comprise a complete interchangeable topic map can be specified using the “bounded object set (BOS)”facility defined by the HyTime architecture in ISO/IEC 10744:1997.As the Extensible Markup Language (XML), a World Wide Web Consortium recommendation,

24、is a subset ofSGML, as explained in Annex K of SGML (1997), also known as WebSGML, XML can be also used as a basenotation for Topic Maps.The topic map notation is defined as an SGML Architecture, and this International Standard takes the form of anarchitecture definition document expressed in confor

25、mance with Normative Annex A.3 of ISO/IEC 10744:1997,the SGML Architectural Form Definition Requirements (AFDR). The formal definition of the topic map notationis expressed as a meta-DTD.viINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 13250:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 1Information technology SGML appl

26、ications Topic maps1ScopeNOTE 1 This clause defines the scope of this International Standard. It should not be confused with the concept of “scope”defined in 3.16, which only applies in the context of topic maps.Topic maps enable multiple, concurrent views of sets of information objects. The structu

27、ral nature of these viewsis unconstrained; they may reflect an object oriented approach, or they may be relational, hierarchical, ordered,unordered, or any combination of the foregoing. Moreover, an unlimited number of topic maps may be overlaidon a given set of information resources.Topic maps can

28、be used: to qualify the content and/or data contained in information objects as topics to enable navigational toolssuch as indexes, cross-references, citation systems, or glossaries; to link topics together in such a way as to enable navigation between them. This capability can be used forvirtual do

29、cument assembly, and for creating thesaurus-like interfaces to corpora, knowledge bases, etc.; to filter an information set to create views adapted to specific users or purposes. For example, such filteringcan aid in the management of multilingual documents, management of access modes depending onse

30、curity criteria, delivery of partial views depending on user profiles and/or knowledge domains, etc.; to structure unstructured information objects, or to facilitate the creation of topic-oriented user interfacesthat provide the effect of merging unstructured information bases with structured ones.

31、The overlaymechanism of topic maps can be considered as a kind of external markup mechanism, in the sense that anarbitrary structure is imposed on the information without altering its original form.This International Standard does not require or disallow the use of any scheme for addressing informat

32、ionobjects. Except for the requirement that topic map documents themselves be expressed using SGML (orWebSGML) and HyTime, using the syntax described herein, neither does it require or disallow the use of anynotation used to express information.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced document

33、s are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document(including any amendments) applies.ISO 8879:1986, Information processing Text and office systems Standard Generalized Ma

34、rkup Language(SGML)ISO/IEC 10744:1997, Information technology Hypermedia/Time-based Structuring Language (HyTime)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8879:1986, ISO/IEC 10744:1997 andthe following apply.ISO/IEC 13250:2003(E)2 ISO/IEC 2003 A

35、ll rights reserved3.1 added themestopics added to the sets of themes comprising the scopes within which topics have their topic characteristics;added themes can be specified in two ways:a) within the topic map document whose scopes are affected, by means of the added themes (addthems)attribute of th

36、e document element. The specified themes are added to the scopes of all of the topiccharacteristics which are assigned to topics via the topic links and association links contained in thedocument;b) inside or outside the topic map document whose scopes are affected, by means of elements conforming t

37、othe themes to be added (addthms) architectural form. The specified themes are added to the topiccharacteristics assigned to topics via: entire topic map documents (specified via the tmdocs attribute), topic links (that is, the name characteristics and occurrence characteristics assigned to topics v

38、ia topiclinks) (specified via the cassign attribute), association links (that is, the roles played in associations by topics, as assigned to topics via associationlinks) (specified via the cassign attribute), or any combination of the foregoing3.2 associationSEE topic association (3.22)3.3 associati

39、on linkhyperlink element conforming to the association link architectural form defined by this International StandardNOTE See 5.4.3.4 association roleone of the roles that topics play in a given topic association3.5 association typesubject which is a class of topic associationsone of the classes of

40、topic associations of which a particular association link is an instance; the associationtypes of which a given association link is an instance can be specified by its optional types attribute3.6 base namesubelement (basename) of a topname subelement of a topic linkname characteristic of a topic tha

41、t is specified in the content of a basename element3.7 bounded object setBOSset of one or more documents and other information objects, all of which are known to the processingapplication and which are processed collectively, see ISO/IEC 10744:1997 for details; see also the definition of“hub documen

42、t”3.8 display namesubelement (dispname) of a topname subelement of a topic link, containing the identifying information intendedto be displayed by the application to represent the subject of the topic linkname characteristic of a topic that is specified in the content of a dispname elementISO/IEC 13

43、250:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved 33.9 facetsubset of information objects that share an externally-applied propertyvalues given to a particular property externally applied to a set of information objects3.10 facet linkhyperlink that applies values for a given property (as well as the prop

44、erty itself) to one or more informationobjects3.11 facet typeproperty applied by one or more facet links to one or more objects3.12 facet valuemember of the set of all values of a particular facet type3.13 hub documentHyTime document used to define the set of information resources (the bounded objec

45、t set (BOS) that comprisea HyTime hyperdocument; applications may regard the HyTime document used as the entry point for abrowsing session within a hyperdocument as the hub document; see ISO/IEC 10744:1997 for details; bydefinition, a topic map is a HyTime hyperdocument, and any topic map document c

46、an be regarded as a hubdocument3.14 occurrence rolesense in which some set of occurrences is relevant to a topic; in the topic maps architecture, occurrence rolesare specified as anchor roles (as defined in the HyTime architecture) of topic links3.15 public subject descriptorsubject descriptor (see

47、the definition of “subject descriptor”) which is used (or, especially, which is designed tobe used) as a common referent of the identity attributes of many topic links in many topic maps; the subjectdescribed by the subject descriptor is thus easily recognized as the common binding point of all the

48、topic linksthat reference it, so that they will be merged3.16 scopeextent of the validity of a topic characteristic assignment (see the definition of “topic characteristic assignment”):the context in which a name or an occurrence is assigned to a given topic, and the context in which topics arerelat

49、ed through associations; this International Standard does not require that scopes be specified explicitly; ifthe scope of a topic characteristic assignment is not explicitly specified via one or more scope attributes, thescope within which the topic characteristic applies to the topic includes all the topics in the entire topic map; thisspecial scope is called “the unconstrained scope”; if a scope is specified, the specification consists of a set oftopics, which, in the context of their role as members of such a set, ar