1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/30/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council
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3、his publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, withoutthe prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.Printed in the United States of AmericaReference numberISO
4、/IEC 14495-2:2003(E)ISO/IEC 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC14495-2Second edition2003-04-01Information technology Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: ExtensionsTechnologies de linformation Compression sans perte et quasi sans perte dimages fixes model continu: E
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10、49 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedCopyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,
11、ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved iiiCONTENTS Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards 1 2.2 Additional references 1 3 Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and conventions 2 3.1 Definitions. 2 3.2 Abbreviations 2 3.3 Sym
12、bols. 2 4 General . 3 4.1 Extensions specified by this Recommendation | International Standard. 4 4.1.1 Encoding with arithmetic coding 4 4.1.2 Extension of near-lossless coding . 4 4.1.3 Extension of prediction . 5 4.1.4 Extension of Golomb coding 5 4.1.5 Fixed length coding. 5 4.1.6 Sample transfo
13、rmation for inverse colour transforms . 5 4.2 Descriptions of extended functions . 5 5 Interchange format requirements 6 6 Encoder requirements. 6 7 Decoder requirements. 6 8 Conformance testing for extensions . 7 8.1 Purpose 7 8.2 Encoder conformance tests 7 8.3 Decoder conformance tests . 7 Annex
14、A Encoding procedures with arithmetic coding for a single component. 10 A.1 Coding parameters and compressed image data 10 A.2 Initializations and conventions 10 A.2.1 Initializations. 10 A.2.2 Conventions for figures. 12 A.3 Context determination. 12 A.3.1 Local gradient computation. 12 A.3.2 Flat
15、region detection 13 A.3.3 Local gradient quantization. 13 A.3.4 Quantized gradient merging 14 A.3.5 Adjustment of error tolerance for near-lossless coding with visual quantization 14 A.4 Prediction 14 A.4.1 Edge-detecting predictor . 14 A.4.2 Prediction correction . 14 A.4.3 Computation of predictio
16、n error 15 A.4.4 Error quantization for near-lossless coding, and reconstructed value computation 16 A.4.5 Modulo reduction of the prediction error 16 A.5 Prediction error encoding 16 A.5.1 Error mapping . 17 A.5.2 Binarization of MErrval with the Golomb code tree. 17 A.5.3 Mapped-error encoding. 18
17、 A.6 Update variables 18 A.6.1 Update. 18 A.6.2 Bias computation. 21 A.7 Flow of encoding procedures 22 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) iv
18、 ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reservedPage Annex B Arithmetic coding 24 B.1 Arithmetic encoding procedures . 24 B.1.1 Binary arithmetic encoding principles 24 B.1.2 Procedures of arithmetic coding 25 B.2 Arithmetic decoding procedures . 28 B.2.1 Binary arithmetic decoding principles 28 B.2.2 Procedures o
19、f arithmetic decoding 28 Annex C Encoding with arithmetic coding for multiple component images 30 C.1 Introduction. 30 C.2 Line interleaved mode. 30 C.2.1 Description 30 C.2.2 Process flow 30 C.3 Sample interleaved mode 30 C.3.1 Description 30 C.3.2 Process flow 31 C.4 Minimum coded unit (MCU) 31 An
20、nex D Extended functions for the baseline coding model 32 D.1 Extensions of near-lossless coding 32 D.1.1 Near-lossless coding with visual quantizaion . 32 D.1.2 Near-lossless coding with NEAR value re-specification 32 D.2 Extensions of prediction on baseline coding model 33 D.2.1 Initializations. 3
21、3 D.2.2 Prediction correction . 33 D.2.3 Symbol packing. 33 D.2.4 Update variables 34 D.2.5 Run interruption sample encoding 35 D.2.6 Flow of encoding procedures 35 D.3 Extension of Golomb coding. 35 D.3.1 Golomb code completion 36 D.3.2 Run interruption handling for qbpp=1 36 Annex E Fixed length c
22、oding . 37 E.1 Introduction. 37 E.2 Fixed length coding. 37 Annex F Sample transformation for inverse colour transform . 38 F.1 Inverse colour transform . 38 F.2 Example and guideline (Informative) 39 Annex G Compressed data format 41 G.1 General aspects of the compressed data format specification .
23、 41 G.1.1 Marker assignments 41 G.1.2 JPEG-LS preset parameters specification syntax 41 Annex H Control procedures for extensions. 48 H.1 Control procedure for encoding a restart interval 48 H.2 Control procedure for encoding a minimum coded unit (MCU) with fixed length code (FLC) . 48 Annex I Confo
24、rmance tests. 51 I.1 Test images . 51 I.1.1 Source images . 51 I.1.2 Compressed image data. 51 I.1.3 Test image formats 51 Annex J Patents 53 J.1 List of patents 53 Annex K Bibliography 55 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reprodu
25、ction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003(E) ISO/IEC 2003 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. Na
26、tional bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual intere
27、st. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with t
28、he rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requir
29、es approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 14495-2 was prepa
30、red jointly by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 29, Coding of audio, picture, multimedia and hypermedia information, in collaboration with ITU-T. The identical text is published as ITU-R Recommendation T.870. This second edition cancels and replaces th
31、e first edition (ISO/IEC 14495-2:2002), which has been technically revised. ISO/IEC 14495 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Lossless and near-lossles compression of continuous-tone still images: Part 1: Baseline Part 2: Extensions Copyright American Nati
32、onal Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without lice
33、nse from IHS-,-,-ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003 (E) ITU-T Rec. T.870 (03/2002) 1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ITU-T RECOMMENDATION Information technology Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Extensions 1 Scope This Recommendation | International Standard defines a set of lossless
34、bit-preserving) and nearly lossless (where the error for each reconstructed sample is bounded by a predefined value) compression methods for coding continuous-tone (including bi-level), gray-scale, or colour digital still images. This Recommendation | International Standard: specifies extensions (i
35、ncluding arithmetic coding, extension of near lossless coding, extension of prediction and extension of Golomb coding) to processes for converting source image data to compressed image data; specifies extensions to processes for converting compressed image data to reconstructed image data including
36、an extension for sample tranformation for inverse colour transforms; specifies coded representations for compressed image data; provides guidance on how to implement these processes in practice. 2 Normative references The following Recommendations and International Standards contain provisions which
37、 through references in this text, constitute provisions of this Recommendation | International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All Recommendations and Standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Recommendation | International S
38、tandard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the Recommendations and Standards listed below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. The Telecommunication Standardization Bureau of the ITU maintains a list
39、of currently valid ITU-T Recommendations. 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards CCITT Recommendation T.81 (1992) | ISO/IEC 10918-1:1994, Information technology Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Requirements and guidelines. ITU-T Recommendation T.83 (19
40、94) | ISO/IEC 10918-2:1995, Information technology Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Compliance testing. ITU-T Recommendation T.84 (1996) | ISO/IEC 10918-3:1997, Information technology Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images: Extensions. ITU-T Rec
41、ommendation T.87 (1998) | ISO/IEC 14495-1:2000, Information technology Lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone still images: Baseline. 2.2 Additional references ISO/IEC 646:1991, Information technology ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange. ISO 5807:1985, Inform
42、ation processing Documentation symbols and conventions for data, program and system flowcharts, program network charts and system resources charts. ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming languages C. Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo repr
43、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO/IEC 14495-2:2003 (E) 2 ITU-T Rec. T.870 (03/2002) 3 Definitions, abbreviations, symbols and conventions 3.1 Definitions For the purposes of this Recommendation | International Standard, the following definitions apply in addition to t
44、he definitions used in ITU-T Rec. T.87 | ISO/IEC 14495-1. 3.1.1 arithmetic encoder: An embodiment of an arithmetic encoding procedure. 3.1.2 arithmetic encoding: A procedure which encodes a sample as a binary representation of the sequence of previously encoded samples by means of a recursive subdiv
45、ision of a unit interval. 3.1.3 arithmetic decoder: An embodiment of an arithmetic decoding procedure. 3.1.4 arithmetic decoding: A procedure which recovers source data from an encoded bit stream produced by an arithmetic encoder. 3.1.5 binary context: Context used to determine the binary arithmetic
46、 coding of the present binary decision. 3.1.6 binary decision: Choice between two alternatives. 3.1.7 colour transform: A procedure for sample transformation for inverse colour transform. 3.1.8 sign flipping: The procedure which reverses the sign of a prediction error according to accumulated predic
47、tion errors. 3.1.9 symbol packing: A procedure which may be applied to source images in which sample values are sparsely distributed. 3.1.10 visual quantization: An extended function of near-lossless coding which enables to change the difference bound according to the context. 3.2 Abbreviations In a
48、dditions to the abbreviations used in ITU-T Rec. T.87 | ISO/IEC 14495-1, the abbreviations used in this Recommendation | International Standard are listed below. FLC Fixed length code LPS Less probable symbol MPS More probable symbol 3.3 Symbols In addition to the symbols used in ITU-T Rec. T.87 | I
49、SO/IEC 14495-1, the symbols used in this Recommendation | International Standard are listed below. A convention is used that parameters which are fixed in value during the encoding of a scan are indicated in boldface capital letters, and variables which change in value during the encoding of a scan are indicated in italicised le
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