ANSI INCITS ISO IEC 2382-36-2013 Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 36 Learning education and training.pdf

1、 INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-36:20132015 (ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013, IDT) Information technology - Vocabulary - Part 36: Learning, education and training INCITS/ISO/IEC 2382-36:20132015 PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be print

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4、suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard. Date of ANSI Appro

5、val: 12/30/2015 Published by American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036 Copyright 2015 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). All rights reserved. These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO),

6、 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council (ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without the prior written permission

7、 of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1101 K Street NW, Suite 610, Washington DC 20005. Printed in the United States of America ii ITIC 2015 All rights reserved ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) iii Contents Page Foreword v Introduction ix Section 1: General 1.1 Scope

8、 1 1.2 Normative references 1 1.3 Principles and rules followed . 2 1.3.1 Definition of an entry . 2 1.3.2 Organization of an entry 2 1.3.3 Classification of entries . 3 1.3.4 Selection of terms and wording of definitions . 3 1.3.5 Multiple meanings . 3 1.3.6 Abbreviations 4 1.3.7 Use of parentheses

9、 . 4 1.3.8 Use of terms printed in bold or italic typeface in definitions and the use of an asterisk . 4 1.3.9 Spelling . 5 1.3.10 Organization of the alphabetical index 5 Section 2: Terms and definitions 36 Information technology for learning, education and traning . 6 36.01 General terms 6 36.02 U

10、sers, organizations, roles 7 36.03 Systems and tools . 7 36.04 Supportive processes 8 36.05 Resources and content 8 36.06 Teaching and learning . 9 36.07 Learner information . 9 Annex A (normative) Terms and definitions: Russian Federation A.1 Introduction . 10 A.2 Russian (rus) / Cyrillic (Cyrl) .

11、10 A.3 Russian index 13 Annex B (informative) Terms and definitions: Republic of Korea B.1 Introduction . 14 B.2 Korean (kor) / Hangul (Hang) 14 B.3 Korean index . 16 Annex C (informative) Terms and definitions: Japan C.1 Introduction . 18 C.2 Japanese (jpn) . 18 C.3 Japanese index . 20 Annex D (inf

12、ormative) Terms and definitions: China D.1 Introduction . 22 D.2 Chinese (zho) / Han (Hans) . 22 D.3 Chinese index 24 Alphabetical indexes English . 25 French . 27 ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) iv Sommaire Page Avant-propos .vii Introduction x Section 1: Gnralits 1.1 Domaine dapplication .1 1.2 Rfrences

13、 normatives .1 1.3 Principes dtablissement et rgles suivies 2 1.3.1 Dfinition de larticle 2 1.3.2 Constitution dun article .2 1.3.3 Classification des articles3 1.3.4 Choix des termes et des dfinitions 3 1.3.5 Pluralit de sens ou polysmie .3 1.3.6 Abrviations 4 1.3.7 Emploi des parenthses .4 1.3.8 E

14、mploi dans les dfinitions de termes imprims en caractres gras ou italiques et de lastrisque 4 1.3.9 Orthographe 5 1.3.10 Constitution de lindex alphabtique .5 Section 2: Termes et dfinitions 36 Technologie de linformation pour lapprentissage, lducation et la formation .6 36.01 Termes gnraux 6 36.02

15、Utilisateurs, organisations et rles 7 36.03 Systmes et outils .7 36.04 Processus de soutien 8 36.05 Ressources et contenus .8 36.06 Enseignement et apprentissage .9 36.07 Informations concernant lapprenant 9 Annex A (normative) Termes et dfinitions: Fdration de russie A.1 Introduction10 A.2 Russe (r

16、us) / cyrillique (Cyrl) .10 A.3 Index russe 13 Annex B (informative) Termes et dfinitions: Rpublique de Core B.1 Introduction14 B.2 Coren (kor) / hangl (Hang) 14 B.3 Index coren .16 Annex C (informative) Termes et dfinitions: Japon C.1 Introduction18 C.2 Japonais (jpn) 18 C.3 Index japonais .20 Anne

17、x D (informative) Termes et dfinitions: Chine D.1 Introduction22 D.2 Chinois (zho) / Han (Hans) .22 D.3 Index chinois .24 Index alphabtiques Anglais .25 Franais 27 ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) v Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnica

18、l Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activi

19、ty. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and nongovernmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committe

20、e, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to n

21、ational bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsibl

22、e for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 2382-36 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 36, Information technology for learning, education, and training. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 2382

23、-36:2008), which has been technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO/IEC 2382-36:2008/Cor.1:2012. ISO/IEC 2382 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Vocabulary: Part 1: Fundamental terms Part 2: Arithmetic and logic operations Pa

24、rt 3: Equipment technology Part 4: Organization of data Part 5: Representation of data Part 6: Preparation and handling of data Part 7: Computer programming Part 8: Security Part 9: Data communication Part 10: Operating te chniques and facilities Part 12: Peripheral equipment Part 13: Computer graph

25、ics Part 14: Reliability, maintainability and availability Part 15: Programming languages Part 16: Information theory ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) vi Part 17: Databases Part 18: Distributed data processing Part 19: Analog computing Part 20: System development Part 21: Interfaces between process compute

26、r systems and technical processes Part 22: Calculators Part 23: Text processing Part 24: Computer-integrated manufacturing Part 25: Local area networks Part 26: Open systems interconnection Part 27: Office automation Part 28: Artificial intelligence Basic concepts and expert systems Part 29: Artific

27、ial intelligence Speech recognition and synthesis Part 31: Artificial intelligence Machine learning Part 32: Electronic Mail Part 34: Artificial inte lligence Neural networks Part 36: Learning, education and training ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) vii Avant-propos LISO (Organisation internationale de nor

28、malisation) et la CEI (Commission lectrotechnique internationale) forment le systme spcialis de la normalisation mondiale. Les organismes nationaux membres de lISO ou de la CEI participent au dveloppement de Normes internationales par lintermdiaire des comits techniques crs par lorganisation concern

29、e afin de soccuper des domaines particuliers de lactivit technique. Les comits techniques de lISO et de la CEI collaborent dans des domaines dintrt commun. Dautres organisations internationales, gouvernementales ou non gouvernementales, en liaison avec lISO et la CEI, participent galement aux travau

30、x. Dans le domaine des technologies de linformation, lISO et la CEI ont cr un comit technique mixte, lISO/CEI JTC 1. Les Normes internationales sont rdiges conformment aux rgles donnes dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2. La tche principale du comit technique mixte est dlaborer les Normes internat

31、ionales. Les projets de Normes internationales adopts par le comit technique mixte sont soumis aux organismes nationaux pour vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert lapprobation de 75 % au moins des organismes nationaux votants. Lattention est appele sur le fait que certains des

32、 lments du prsent document peuvent faire lobjet de droits de proprit intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. LISO et la CEI ne sauraient tre tenues pour responsables de ne pas avoir identifi de tels droits de proprit et averti de leur existence. LISO/CEI 2382-36 a t labore par le comit technique mixt

33、e ISO/CEI JTC 1, Technologies de linformation, sous-comit SC 36, Technologies pour lducation, la formation et lapprentissage. Cette deuxime dition annule et remplace la premire dition (ISO/CEI 2382-36:2008), qui a fait lobjet dune rvision technique. Elle incorpore galement le Rectificatif technique

34、ISO/CEI 2382-36:2008/Cor.1:2012. LISO/CEI 2382 comprend les parties suivantes, prsentes sous le titre gnral de Technologies de linformation Vocabulaire: Partie 1: Termes fondamentaux Partie 2: Oprations arithmtiques et logiques Partie 3: Technologie du matriel Partie 4: Organisation des donnes Parti

35、e 5: Reprsentation des donnes Partie 6: Prparation et manipulation des donnes Partie 7: Programmation des ordinateurs Partie 8: Scurit Partie 9: Communication de donnes Partie 10: Techniques et moyens dexploitation Partie 12: Priphriques Partie 13: Infographie Partie 14: Fiabilit, maintenabilit et d

36、isponibilit Partie 15: Langages de programmation ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) viii Partie 16: Thorie de linformation Partie 17: Bases de donnes Partie 18: Informatique rpartie Partie 19: Calcul analogique Partie 20: Dveloppement de systme Partie 21: Interfaces entre calculateurs de processus et process

37、us techniques Partie 22: Calculatrices Partie 23: Traitement de texte Partie 24: Productique Partie 25: Rseaux locaux Partie 26: Interconnexion de systmes ouverts Partie 27: Bureautique Partie 28: Intelligence artificielle No tions fondamentales et systmes experts Partie 29: Intelligence artificiell

38、e Reconnaissance et synthse de la parole Partie 31: Intelligence artificielle Apprentissage automatique Partie 32: Courrier lectronique Partie 34: Intelligence artificielle Rseaux neuronaux Partie 36: Apprentissage, ducation et formation ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) ix Introduction Information technolo

39、gy gives rise to numerous international exchanges of both an intellectual and a material nature. These exchanges often become difficult, either because of the great variety of terms used in various fields or languages to express the same concept, or because of the absence or imprecision of the defin

40、itions of useful concepts. To avoid misunderstandings and to facilitate such exchanges it is essential to clarify the concepts, to select terms to be used in various languages or in various countries to express the same concept, and to establish definitions providing satisfactory equivalents for the

41、 various terms in different languages. ISO 2382 was initially based mainly on the usage to be found in the Vocabulary of Information Processing which was established and published by the International Federation for Information Processing and the International Computation Centre, and in the American

42、 National Dictionary for Information Processing Systems and its earlier editions published by the American National Standards Institute (formerly known as the American Standards Association). Published and Draft International Standards relating to information technology of other international organi

43、zations (such as the International Telecommunication Union and the International Electrotechnical Commission) as well as published and draft national standards have also been considered. The purpose of ISO/IEC 2382 is to provide definitions that are rigorous, uncomplicated and which can be understoo

44、d by all concerned. The scope of each concept defined has been chosen to provide a definition that is suitable for general application. In those circumstances where a restricted application is concerned, the definition may need to be more specific. Within current practice, diverse terms are commonly

45、 used in spite of the fact that no precise definitions are agreed upon. Definitions of terms of this kind are highly dependent on the context in which these terms are used and in such cases a spectrum of definitions will be provided instead of a rigorous and uncomplicated definition. While it is pos

46、sible to maintain the self-consistency of individual parts of ISO/IEC 2382, the reader is warned that the dynamics of language and the problems associated with the standardization and maintenance of vocabularies may introduce duplications and inconsistencies among parts. This part of ISO/IEC 2382 is

47、 intended to facilitate international communication in information technology for learning, education and training. It presents, in two languages, terms and definitions of selected concepts relevant to this field and identifies relationships among the entries. Translation into other languages (in an

48、nexes) is provided by national bodies that are members of ISO or IEC. In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the definitions are drafted so as to avoid, as far as possible, any peculiarity attached to a language. ISO/IEC 2382-36:2013(E/F) x Introduction Les technologies de linformation sont lorigine de multiples changes intellectuels et matriels sur le plan international. Les chang