1、A N S I / I S E A 104-1998 (R2009) American National Standard for Air Sampling Devices Diffusive Type for Gases and Vapors in Working Environments ANSI/ISEA 104-1998 (R2009) American National Standard for Air Sampling Devices Diffusive Type for Gases and Vapors in Working Environments Secretariat In
2、ternational Safety Equipment Association Approved July 13, 1998 (reaffirmed February 18, 2009) American National Standards Institute, Inc. American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National
3、 Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether they have approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, proces
4、ses, or procedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any America
5、n National Standard. Moreover, no persons shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of
6、 the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American
7、National Standards Institute. Published by International Safety Equipment Association 1901 North Moore Street, Suite 808, Arlington, Virginia 22209 Copyright 2009 by International Safety Equipment Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an elect
8、ronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America Foreword (This Foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSI/ISEA 104-1998.) This standard has been drafted to establish a voluntary standard for diffusive sa
9、mpling devices. The purpose of this standard is to provide a means of continual testing of these devices for accurate performance in working environments to determine the concentrations of toxic gases and vapors in air. Suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sen
10、t to the ISEA, 1901 N. Moore Street, Suite 808, Arlington, VA 22209. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Canvass Method. The following organizations were contacted prior to the approval of this standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the org
11、anization concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI. AFL-CIO International Chemical Workers Union Alliance for American Insurers Kem Medical Products Corporation American Gas Association Matheson - Kitagawa American Industrial Hygiene Association Monsanto Company American Iron an
12、d Steel Institute American Mining Congress National Fire Protection Association National Institute for Occupational Safety BASF Corporation and Health Bituminous Coal Operators Association National Safety Council Chemical Manufacturer Association Occupational Safety and Health Administration Clayton
13、 Environmental Consultants Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers Union Compressed Gas Association Safety Equipment Institute Edison Electric Institute Sensidyne, Inc. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company United Auto Workers Industrial Safety Equipment Association United Mine Workers Instrument Society of Ame
14、rica United Steel Workers International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Contents SECTION PAGE 1. Purpose, Practice, Rationale and Scope. 7 2. Determination of Standard Compliance. 7 3. References 8 4. Definitions 8 5. Test Apparatus and Calibration Procedures 9 6. Evaluation Parameters 10 7. Quali
15、ty Control Requirements . 14 8. Reporting and Labeling Requirements 14 Appendix . 16 ANSI/ISEA 104-1998 (R2009) 7 American National Standard for Air Sampling Devices- Diffusive Type for Gases and Vapors in Working Environments 1. Purpose, Practice, Rationale and Scope 1.1 Purpose This standard seeks
16、 to provide manufacturers and end users of diffusive samplers with guidance concerning the tests to be used in evaluating samplers for various air sampling applications. This standard is not intended as a means of sampler classification, nor as a means by which the performance of different samplers
17、can be strictly compared. 1.2 Practice The standard includes evaluation parameters which are used to characterize diffusive samplers with respect to their ability to determine the concentrations of gases and vapors in working environments. The reporting and labeling requirements of this standard wil
18、l permit informed users to properly select and use the subject devices in measuring time-weighted-average workplace exposures in compliance with exposure limit values (ELVs) and for other purposes. 1.3 Rationale While this standard employs test methods similar to those described under Section 3, Ref
19、erences, it differs from the others by: a) allowing a greater freedom in selecting the evaluation parameters, b) refraining from mandating specific performance requirements, and c) mandating detailed disclosure of performance results. Since diffusive samplers will be used under various conditions (f
20、rom extreme to mild environments) with a variety of objectives (from routine screening by employers to assessments of workplaces by regulators), the standard seeks to include all devices which are useful for a certain purpose rather than requiring that all devices included meet the requirements of a
21、ll situations and environments. The disclosure features of the standard, including Evaluation Parameters and Test Report, are designed to permit users of samplers/monitors to select those devices meeting the requirements of their particular application. 1.4 Scope For the purposes of this standard, d
22、iffusive sampling devices are categorized as follows: Type A. Devices which provide on-site reading of time-weighted-average (TWA) gas or vapor concentration. Type B. Devices which utilize a sorbent to collect an air sample and use laboratory analysis to determine time-weighted average (TWA) concent
23、rations. 2. Determination of Standard Compliance Compliance with this standard shall be established by the test report which details the test methods and evaluation parameters used in accordance with this standard. The testing laboratory is free to select test parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity
24、, concentration, sampling time period) for the two-factor or multi-factorial tests listed in Section 6. However, this choice will impose ANSI/ISEA 104-1998 (R2009) 8 limitations on the use of samplers/monitors since use outside of the range of conditions encompassed by the test parameters is not rec
25、ommended. Modification or elimination of any test method or evaluation parameter is allowed, provided the rationale is fully outlined in the test report. The precision and accuracy of the sampler/monitor may be determined from the results of this test evaluation. Statistical methods for accomplishin
26、g this are given by many of the references in Section 3 (see ASTM D6246, EN 838 and Cassinelli et al). The requirement for a specific level of precision and accuracy will depend on the use to which the results will be put (e.g., to demonstrate compliance with local regulations). The precision and ac
27、curacy of samplers/monitors will also depend on the extent of their measurement range. 3. References The following documents include descriptions of standard test method protocols for assessing the performance of diffusive samplers which were used in the compilation of this standard. The use of this
28、 standard does not guarantee compliance with the terms of these referenced standards. CEN/TC137/WG2 (1995) EN 838 Workplace atmospheres-diffusive samplers for the determination of gases and vapors-requirements and test methods. Comit Europen de Normalization, Brussels, Belgium. CEN/TC137/WG2 (1994)
29、EN 482 Workplace atmospheres-General requirements for the performance of procedures for the measurement of chemical agents. Comit Europen de Normalization, Brussels, Belgium. Cassinelli, M.E., R.D. Hull, J.V. Crable and A.W. Teas: Protocol for the evaluation of Passive Monitors. In Diffusive Samplin
30、g, A. Berlin, R.H. Brown, and K.J. Saunderson, eds. London: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987, Pp. 190-202. ASTM Method D6246-98, Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Diffusive Samplers The following document gives guidance on field use diffusive samplers: ASTM Method D4597-97, Standar
31、d Practice for Sampling Workplace Atmospheres to Collect Gases or Vapors with Solid Sorbent Diffusive Samplers. The following document gives guidance on preparation of test atmospheres: Nelson, G.O.: Controlled Test Atmospheres, Principles and Techniques. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI
32、(1971). The following document provides the definitions for terminology as used in this standard: ASTM D1356-97, Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres. 4. Definitions Terminology used in this standard is as defined in ASTM D1356-97 with the following additional defini
33、tions: ceiling limit: The concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure. desorption efficiency: The ratio of mass of chemical recovered from a sampler to the mass of chemical applied during sampling. Note: Desorption efficiency is affected by many factors, includi
34、ng the method of chemical application, the ratio of mass of chemical to mass of sorbent, the presence of co-absorbed species (especially water vapor), the time of equilibrium prior to desorption, and the method of desorption. diffusive sampler/monitor: An air sampling device which continuously colle
35、cts an air sample exclusively or primarily by the mechanism of gaseous diffusion onto a sorbent and/or reactive sampling media. ANSI/ISEA 104-1998 (R2009) 9 evaluation parameters: The values of parameters that are controlled under the test protocol. The parameters are temperature, humidity, air velo
36、city, orientation of the sampler/monitor to the air flow, contaminant and interference concentrations, sampling time, exposed and unexposed sampler storage times. Exposure Limit Value (ELV): Any recognized value such as PEL, TLV, etc., commonly expressed in parts per million (ppm) by volume or milli
37、grams per cubic meter (mg/m3). Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): Eight-Hour-Time-Weighted-Average (8hr-TWA) concentration in air of a specified air contaminant in parts per million of air (by volume) in a workers breathing zone below which is required to be controlled under the Occupational Safety a
38、nd Health Act of 1970. reader: Device used to examine a sampler/monitor and provide a result in terms of quantity sorbed, exposure-dose, or concentration (when sampling time is entered). Recommended Sampling Time (RST): The manufacturers minimum or maximum recommended continuous exposure period for
39、a sampler/monitor. REL: An occupational exposure limit recom-mended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as being protective of worker health and safety over a working lifetime. The limit is frequently expressed as a time-weighted average exposure for up to ten hours
40、a day during a forty-hour work week. The REL may also be expressed as a short-term exposure limit that should never be exceeded and is to be determined in a specified time-period which is usually fifteen minutes, or it can be a ceiling limit never to be exceeded even instantaneously unless specified
41、 over a given time period. shall: The word SHALL denotes a mandatory requirement. Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL). Fifteen-Minute-Time-Weighted-Average (15 min-TWA) concentration in air of a specified air contaminant in parts per million (by volume) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) in a worker
42、s breathing zone. should: The word SHOULD denotes a recommendation. test atmosphere: Air of known and controlled temperature and humidity containing known and controlled contaminant concentration(s). test chamber: The apparatus in which samplers or monitors are exposed to test atmospheres. Threshold
43、 Limit Value (TLV) Time-Weighted Average (TWA): The time-weighted average concentration for a conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to which it is believed nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. 5. Test Apparatus and Calibration Procedures
44、 5.1 The generation of a test atmosphere and the proper construction and maintenance of a test chamber are requirements for accurate testing of diffusive sampler performance. Guidance on the generation of test atmospheres is given in the text by Nelson and in EN 838 (see Section 3). The general requ
45、irements are: 5.1.1 A system for generating, pre-mixing and delivering a known concentration of a test atmosphere. 5.1.2 An test chamber, constructed of inert materials through which the generated atmosphere is passed. 5.1.3 Provisions for measuring, controlling, and varying, the rate of air flow th
46、rough the test chamber and the concentration, temperature and relative humidity of test atmosphere. 5.2 Validated reference sampling methods or instruments shall be used to determine the concentration of the test ANSI/ISEA 104-1998 (R2009) 10 atmosphere in the test chamber. Depletion of the atmosphe
47、re by system losses including the test and reference samplers can be measured by determining the concentration at the inlet and outlet of the test chamber, and should not exceed 10%. After adjusting for depletion, the test chamber concentration as given by the reference method should be within 10% o
48、f the theoretical concentration calculated from the dynamics of the test atmosphere generation system, in which case the theoretical concentration is taken to be the “true” concentration. If the values are not within 10%, adjustments shall be made or an alternative generation system shall be used or
49、 the reference method concentration shall be used as the “true” concentration. 6. Test Methods 6.1 General The evaluation parameters chosen for these test methods will define the operating limits of the sampler/monitor. The recommended values for the parameters under the test will provide test results which are applicable to common industrial environments. Should the sampler/monitor be intended for use outside this range of conditions, appropriate parameters shall be chosen for the test. For samplers/monitors designed for long-term measurements (30 minutes) the appropriate exposure
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