ANSI ISO 19107-2003(R2008) Geographic information — Spatial schema《地理信息.空间架构》.pdf

1、Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.Date of ANSI Approval: 12/24/2003Published by American National Standards Institute,25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council

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4、 19107:2003(E)ISO 2003INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO19107First edition2003-05-01Geographic information Spatial schema Information gographique Schma spatial Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without

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10、titute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword viii Introduction . ix 1 Scope 1 2 Conformance . 1 2.1 Overview 1 2.2 Conformance classes . 3 3 No

11、rmative references . 4 4 Terms and definitions. 4 5 Symbols, notation and abbreviated terms . 14 5.1 Presentation and notation 14 5.1.1 Unified Modeling Language (UML) concepts. 14 5.1.2 Attributes, operations, and associations . 14 5.1.3 Stereotypes 17 5.1.4 Data types and collection types 18 5.1.5

12、 Strong substitutability 19 5.2 Organization 20 5.3 Abbreviated terms. 22 6 Geometry packages 22 6.1 Semantics 22 6.2 Geometry root package 24 6.2.1 Semantics 24 6.2.2 GM_Object . 25 6.3 Geometric primitive package. 32 6.3.1 Semantics 32 6.3.2 GM_Boundary 33 6.3.3 GM_ComplexBoundary 34 6.3.4 GM_Prim

13、itiveBoundary 34 6.3.5 GM_CurveBoundary . 34 6.3.6 GM_Ring. 34 6.3.7 GM_SurfaceBoundary 34 6.3.8 GM_Shell 35 6.3.9 GM_SolidBoundary. 35 6.3.10 GM_Primitive . 35 6.3.11 GM_Point 38 6.3.12 Bearing. 39 6.3.13 GM_OrientablePrimitive . 40 6.3.14 GM_OrientableCurve 42 6.3.15 GM_OrientableSurface . 42 6.3.

14、16 GM_Curve 43 6.3.17 GM_Surface . 44 6.3.18 GM_Solid 46 6.4 Coordinate geometry package 47 6.4.1 DirectPosition 47 6.4.2 GM_PointRef 48 6.4.3 GM_Envelope 48 6.4.4 TransfiniteSet . 49 6.4.5 GM_Position 49 6.4.6 GM_PointArray, GMPointGrid 49 6.4.7 GM_GenericCurve. 49 6.4.8 GM_CurveInterpolation 53 Co

15、pyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) iv ISO 2003 All rights reserved6.4.9 GM_CurveSegment .54 6.4.10 GM_LineString.55 6.4.11 GM_LineSegment 56 6.4.12 G

16、M_GeodesicString 57 6.4.13 GM_Geodesic.58 6.4.14 GM_ArcString 58 6.4.15 GM_Arc.60 6.4.16 GM_Circle.62 6.4.17 GM_ArcStringByBulge62 6.4.18 GM_ArcByBulge 63 6.4.19 GM_Conic.64 6.4.20 GM_Placement.66 6.4.21 GM_AffinePlacement 67 6.4.22 GM_Clothoid 67 6.4.23 GM_OffsetCurve 68 6.4.24 GM_Knot.70 6.4.25 GM

17、_KnotType 71 6.4.26 GM_SplineCurve71 6.4.27 GM_PolynomialSpline.71 6.4.28 GM_CubicSpline72 6.4.29 GM_SplineCurveForm.73 6.4.30 GM_BSplineCurve .73 6.4.31 GM_Bezier 74 6.4.32 GM_SurfaceInterpolation75 6.4.33 GM_GenericSurface 75 6.4.34 GM_SurfacePatch77 6.4.35 GM_PolyhedralSurface .78 6.4.36 GM_Polyg

18、on.78 6.4.37 GM_TriangulatedSurface80 6.4.38 GM_Triangle.80 6.4.39 GM_Tin .81 6.4.40 GM_ParametricCurveSurface.82 6.4.41 GM_GriddedSurface85 6.4.42 GM_Cone86 6.4.43 GM_Cylinder 86 6.4.44 GM_Sphere.86 6.4.45 GM_BilinearGrid 87 6.4.46 GM_BicubicGrid 87 6.4.47 GM_BSplineSurfaceForm .87 6.4.48 GM_BSplin

19、eSurface 88 6.5 Geometric aggregate package .89 6.5.7 Semantics.89 6.5.8 GM_Aggregate.89 6.5.9 GM_MultiPrimitive .89 6.5.10 GM_MultiPoint .90 6.5.11 GM_MultiCurve 91 6.5.12 GM_MultiSurface .91 6.5.13 GM_MultiSolid91 6.6 Geometric complex package92 6.6.7 Semantics.92 6.6.8 GM_Complex93 6.6.9 GM_Compo

20、site 94 6.6.10 GM_CompositePoint .95 6.6.11 GM_CompositeCurve96 6.6.12 GM_CompositeSurface.97 6.6.13 GM_CompositeSolid .97 7 Topology packages.98 7.4 Semantics.98 7.5 Topology root package.100 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo rep

21、roduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved v7.5.1 Semantics 100 7.5.2 TP_Object. 101 7.6 Topological primitive package 105 7.6.1 Semantics 105 7.6.2 TP_Boundary. 105 7.6.3 TP_ComplexBoundary 105 7.6.4 TP_PrimitiveBoundary 105 7.6.5 T

22、P_EdgeBoundary 106 7.6.6 TP_FaceBoundary. 107 7.6.7 TP_SolidBoundary 107 7.6.8 TP_Ring 107 7.6.9 TP_Shell . 107 7.6.10 TP_Primitive 108 7.6.11 TP_DirectedTopo 109 7.6.12 TP_Node. 112 7.6.13 TP_DirectedNode 113 7.6.14 TP_Edge. 114 7.6.15 TP_DirectedEdge 115 7.6.16 TP_Face 115 7.6.17 TP_DirectedFace .

23、 117 7.6.18 TP_Solid. 117 7.6.19 TP_DirectedSolid 118 7.6.20 TP_Expression 118 7.7 Topological complex package. 121 7.7.1 Semantics 121 7.7.2 TP_Complex 121 8 Derived topological relations. 123 8.1 Introduction . 123 8.2 Boolean or set operators 124 8.2.1 Form of the Boolean operators . 124 8.2.2 Bo

24、olean Relate 124 8.2.3 Relation to set operations 125 8.3 Egenhofer operators. 125 8.3.1 Form of the Egenhofer operators 125 8.3.2 Egenhofer relate 125 8.3.3 Relation to set operations 126 8.4 Full topological operators 126 8.4.1 Form of the full topological operators 126 8.4.2 Full topological rela

25、te . 126 8.5 Combinations 126 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite 127 A.1 Geometric primitives 127 A.2 Geometric complexes. 130 A.3 Topological complexes 132 A.4 Topological complexes with geometric realization. 134 A.5 Boolean operators 136 Annex B (informative) Conceptual organization of terms

26、 and definitions . 138 B.1 Introduction . 138 B.2 General terms 138 B.3 Collections and related terms 139 B.4 Modelling terms. 139 B.5 Positioning terms 140 B.6 Geometric terms 140 B.7 Topological terms . 143 B.8 Relationship of geometric and topological complexes 146 Annex C (informative) Examples

27、of spatial schema concepts 148 C.1 Geometry 148 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) vi ISO 2003 All rights reservedAnnex D (informative) Examples fo

28、r application schemata .154 D.1 Introduction154 D.2 Simple Topology154 D.3 Feature Topology 158 D.4 MiniTopo.159 Bibliography165 Figures Figure 1 UML example association .16 Figure 2 UML example package dependency .20 Figure 3 Normative clause as UML package dependencies .21 Figure 4 Geometry packag

29、e: Class content and internal dependencies.23 Figure 5 Geometry basic classes with specialization relations .24 Figure 6 GM_Object.26 Figure 7 GM_Boundary .33 Figure 8 GM_Primitive .36 Figure 9 GM_Point.38 Figure 10 GM_OrientablePrimitive 41 Figure 11 GM_Curve .43 Figure 12 GM_Surface.45 Figure 13 G

30、M_Solid.46 Figure 14 DirectPosition 48 Figure 15 Curve segment classes .50 Figure 16 Linear, arc and geodesic interpolation 56 Figure 17 Arcs59 Figure 18 Conics and placements .65 Figure 19 Spline and specialty curves.69 Figure 20 Surface patches.76 Figure 21 Polygonal surface 79 Figure 22 TIN const

31、ruction 81 Figure 23 GM_ParametricCurveSurface and its subtypes 83 Figure 24 GM_Aggregate 90 Figure 25 GM_Complex.94 Figure 26 GM_Composite95 Figure 27 GM_CompositePoint .96 Figure 28 GM_CompositeCurve 96 Figure 29 GM_CompositeSurface .97 Figure 30 GM_CompositeSolid98 Figure 31 Topology packages, cl

32、ass content and internal dependencies.99 Figure 32 Topological class diagram .100 Figure 33 Relation between geometry and topology.101 Figure 34 TP_Object102 Figure 35 Boundary and coboundary operation represented as associations 103 Figure 36 Important classes in topology104 Figure 37 Boundary rela

33、tion data types.106 Figure 38 TP_Primitive 108 Figure 39 TP_DirectedTopo subclasses110 Figure 40 TP_DirectedTopo 110 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:200

34、3(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved viiFigure 41 TP_Node . 113 Figure 42 TP_Edge . 114 Figure 43 TP_Face 116 Figure 44 TP_Solid 117 Figure 45 TP_Expression 119 Figure 46 TP_Complex 122 Figure C.1 A data set composed of the GM_Primitives 149 Figure C.2 Simple cartographic representation of sample data

35、151 Figure C.3 A 3D Geometric object with labeled coordinates. 152 Figure C.4 Surface example 153 Figure D.1 Packages and classes for simple topology . 155 Figure D.2 Topology and geometry classes in simple topology 156 Figure D.3 Feature components in simple topology 157 Figure D.4 Theme based feat

36、ure topology 159 Figure D.5 Geometric example of MiniTopo topology structure 160 Figure D.6 MiniTopo 161 Figure D.7 Classic MiniTopo record illustration. 163 Tables Table 1 Conformance classes for geometric primitives 3 Table 2 Conformance classes for geometric complexes 3 Table 3 Conformance classe

37、s for topological complexes . 3 Table 4 Conformance classes for topological complexes with geometric realizations . 3 Table 5 Conformance classes for Boolean operators . 3 Table 6 Package and classes 21 Table 7 Various types of parametric curve surfaces . 84 Table 8 Meaning of Boolean intersection p

38、attern matrix. 124 Table 9 Meaning of Egenhofer intersection pattern matrix . 125 Table 10 Meaning of full topological intersection pattern matrix . 126 Table D.1 Correspondence between original MiniTopo pointers and the current model 164 Copyright American National Standards Institute Provided by I

39、HS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) viii ISO 2003 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies)

40、. The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non

41、-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part

42、 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting

43、a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 19107 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics. C

44、opyright American National Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ANSINot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ISO 19107:2003(E) ISO 2003 All rights reserved ixIntroduction This International Standard provides conceptual schemas for describin

45、g and manipulating the spatial characteristics of geographic features. Standardization in this area will be the cornerstone for other geographic information standards. A feature is an abstraction of a real world phenomenon; it is a geographic feature if it is associated with a location relative to t

46、he Earth. Vector data consists of geometric and topological primitives used, separately or in combination, to construct objects that express the spatial characteristics of geographic features. Raster data is based on the division of the extent covered into small units according to a tessellation of

47、the space and the assignment to each unit of an attribute value. This International Standard deals only with vector data. In the model defined in this International Standard, spatial characteristics are described by one or more spatial attributes whose value is given by a geometric object (GM_Object

48、) or a topological object (TP_Object). Geometry provides the means for the quantitative description, by means of coordinates and mathematical functions, of the spatial characteristics of features, including dimension, position, size, shape, and orientation. The mathematical functions used for describing the geometry of an object depend on the type of coordinate reference system used to define the spatial position. Geometry is the only aspect of geographic information that changes when the information is transformed from one geodetic reference