ANSI N42.18-2004 Specification and Performance of On-Site Instrumentation for Continuously Monitoring Radioactivity in Effluents《连续监测废水和废气中放射性用现场检测仪器的规范和性能》.pdf

1、Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHSANSI N42.18-2004(Reaffirmation of ANSI N42.18-1980)(Redesignation of ANSI N13.10-1974)American National StandardS

2、pecification and Performance ofOn-Site Instrumentation forContinuously Monitoring Radioactivity inEffluentsSponsorAtomic Industrial Forum, Inc.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Approved 2 December 2004American National Standards InstitutePublished byInstitute of Electrical and E

3、lectronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997 USA-,-,-Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHSAmerican National StandardAn American Na

4、tional Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions.An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public.The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone

5、, whether he has approved thestandard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures notconforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned toobtain the latest editions.CAUTION NOTICE: This Ame

6、rican National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures ofthe American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard nolater than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may

7、receive currentinformation on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Copyright 1974 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IncNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without t

8、heprior written permission of the publisher.-,-,-Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHSForewordThe Joint Subcommittee of American National Standards Co

9、mmittees N13 and N42, which was responsible for thedevelopment of this standard, was established by authority of the Chairmen of American National StandardsCommittees N13 and N42 to represent the interests of the respective parent committees. The Joint Subcommitteecomprises 50 percent manufacturer a

10、nd 50 percent user membership; thus this standard includes the additional featureof incorporating the experience of both the manufacturer and the user.The American National Standards Committee on Radiation Protection, N13, which, together with the AmericanNational Standards Committee on Instrumentat

11、ion, N42, reviewed and approved this standard, had the followingmembership at the time of approval:M. E. Wrenn, Chair James E. Sohngen, Secretary Organization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Chemical SocietyIra B. WhitneyAmerican Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists . D.E. Van

12、FarroweAmerican Industrial Hygiene Association .H. Wilbur SpeicherAmerican Insurance Association Karl H. CarlsonAmerican Mutual Insurance Alliance . William J. UberAmerican Nuclear Society .James E. McLaughlinAmerican Public Health Association Simon KinsmanGerald S. Parker (Alt)American Society for

13、Testing and Materials. L.B. GardnerJ. H. Bystrom (Alt)A. N.Tschaeche (Alt)American Society of Mechanical Engineers H.J. LarsonAssociation of State and Territorial Health Officers Sherwood DaviesAtomic Industrial Forum. James E. SohngenElectric Light and Power Group .Marvin SullivanGordon A. Olson (A

14、lt)Environmental Protection Agency . David S, SmithHealth Physics Society.L. J. CherubinJohn J. Ferry (Alt)Industrial Medical Association William Doran, JrInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers D.G. PitcherInstitute of Nuclear Materials Management. Ken OkolowitzRobert Budd (Alt)Internatio

15、nal Association of Governmental Labor Officials Jacqueline MessitePhillip M. Bourland (Alt)International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers .Paul R. ShoopManufacturing Chemists Association, Inc P.W. McDanielPaul Estey (Alt)National Bureau of Standards .Thomas P. LoftusThomas Hobbs (Alt)National Safet

16、y CouncilHugh F. HenryJulian B. Olishifski (Alt)Harry Rapp (Alt)Uranium Operators Association.L.W. SwentR. T. Zitting (Alt)US Atomic Energy Commission. Edward J. VallarioWalter Cool (Alt)US Bureau of Labor John P. ONeill-,-,-iiiCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Pr

17、ovided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-G. Walker Daubenspeck (Alt)US Public Health ServiceRichard F. BoggsRoger G. Bostrom (Alt)Individual Members . William O. ChatfieldDonald C, FleckensteinDuncan A. HoladayRemus G. Mc

18、AllisterThe American National Standards Committee on Instrumentation, N42, had the following membership at the time ofapproval:L. Costrell, Chair D.C. Cook, Secretary American Chemical Society. L.P. Remsberg, JrAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists J. LiebermanAmerican Industrial

19、 Hygiene Association (Vacant)American Nuclear Society (Vacant)American Society of Mechanical Engineers R.C. AustinAmerican Society of Safety Engineers . (Vacant)American Society for Testing and MaterialsJ.L. KuranzJ. A. Dwyer (Alt)Atomic Industrial Forum. W.J. LepeskaHealth Physics Society.J.B.H. Ku

20、perR. L. Butenhoff (Alt)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers .L. CostrellL. H. HornL. KornblithJ. J. LovingJ. Forster (Alt)Instrument Society of America . (Vacant)SEDEC Electron Tube Council. (Vacant)Manufacturing Chemists Association .M.C. MasonNational Electrical Manufacturers Associa

21、tion .J.F. ConnellyOak Ridge National Laboratory. F. ManningScientific Apparatus Makers Association W.H. HoweUnderwriters Laboratories. L.H. HornR. E. Dufour (Alt)US Atomic Energy Commission.Division of Biology and Medicine .H.R. WassonDivision of Reactor Development and Technology C. PovetUS Depart

22、ment of the Army Materiel CommandA.E. CohenOffice of Secretary of Army Office of Civil Defense .C.R. Siebentritt, JrUS Department of Commerce National Bureau of Standards .L. CostrellUS Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Public Health Service H.J.L. RechenR. Peterson (Alt)US Naval Research

23、 Laboratory D. C, CookMembers-at-LargeO.W. BilharzS. H. HanauerW. C. LipinskiR. F. SheaE. J. VallarioivCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-The J

24、oint Subcommittee N13/42, which was responsible for developing this standard, had the following membershipat the time of approval:Edward J. Vallario, Cochairman (N13)Joseph Bellian, Cochairman (N42)E. BemisV. T. ChilsonA. CohenJohn DempseyE. E. GoodaleJ. D. HendersonR. L. KathrenW. R. KleinT. P. Lof

25、tusH. W. PattersonH. J. L. RechenC. R. Siebentritt. JrH. R. WassonThe drafting committee, Task Group B, had the following membership at the time of approval:J. G. BellianV. T. Chilson (consultant)A. CohenJ. D. HendersonA. P. Hull (consultant)R. L. KathrenL. R. Kueberth (consultant)J. M. SelbyE. J. V

26、allariovCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-CLAUSE PAGE1. Introduction.12. Scope.13. Definitions.24. Factors Influencing Selection of Instrument

27、ation.34.1 Effluent Stream Factors. 34.2 Environmental Factors. 34.3 Standards, Regulation, and Public Responsibility. 44.4 Calibration 45. Effluent Monitoring Systems 55.1 General Considerations. . 55.2 Selection Criteria 55.3 Specification of Performance. 65.4 Standards of Performance. . 86. Bibli

28、ography15viCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-American National StandardSpecification and Performance of On-Site Instrumentation for Continuous

29、ly Monitoring Radioactivity in Effluents1. IntroductionThe release of radioactivity from nuclear facilities to the environment generally is monitored by installedinstrumentation. The objective of such instrumentation is to measure the quantity or rate, or both, of release ofradionuclides in the effl

30、uent streams and to provide documentation useful for scientific and legal purposes. Thisstandard applies to continuous monitors that measure normal releases, detect inadvertent releases, show generaltrends, and annunciate radiation levels that have exceeded predetermined values.2. ScopeThis standard

31、 provides recommendations for the selection of instrumentation specific to the continuous monitoringand quantification of radioactivity in effluents released to the environment. The effluent streams considered maycontain radioactive gases, liquids, particulates, or dissolved solids singly or in comb

32、ination. This standard specifiesdetection capabilities, physical and operating limits, reliability, and calibration requirements and sets forth minimumperformance requirements for effluent monitoring instrumentation. Unless otherwise specified, the criteria herein referto the total system. This stan

33、dard applies only to monitoring during routine operation that includes abnormal releases.Emergency situations, where additional performance capability will be required, are a matter of separateconsideration.Also outside the scope of this standard are sample extraction and laboratory analyses, normal

34、ly used forintercomparison between monitor calibrations and laboratory analyses, and other applications for continuousmonitoring instrumentation such as environmental monitoring or process control. Sampling techniques are covered inANSI N13.1-1969, Guide to Sampling Airborne Radioactive Materials in

35、 Nuclear Facilities.Copyright 1974 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1ANSI N13.10-1974 SPECIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF ON-SITE INSTRUMENTATION FORCopyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted

36、 without license from IHS-,-,-3. DefinitionsThese definitions are restricted to the purpose of this standard.accuracy: The degree of agreement with the true value of the quantity being measured.NOTE Accuracy is subject to the influence of unknown systematic errors.authorities: Any governmental agenc

37、ies or recognized scientific bodies which by their charter define regulations orstandards dealing with radiation protection.calibrate: Adjustmentsystem and the determination of system accuracy using one or more sources traceable to theNBS (National Bureau of Standards).check: The use of a source to

38、determine if the detector and all electronic components of the system are operatingcorrectly.detector: Any device for converting radiation flux to a signal suitable for observation and measurement.effluent: The liquid or gaseous waste streams released to the environment.extracameral effect: Apparent

39、 response of an instrument caused by radiation on any other portion of the system thanthe detector.in line: A system where the detector assembly is adjacent to or immersed in the total effluent stream.off line: A system where an aliquot is withdrawn from the effluent stream and conveyed to the detec

40、tor assembly.on site: Location within a facility that is controlled with respect to access by the general public.plate out: A thermal, electrical, chemical, or mechanical action that results in a loss of material by deposition onsurfaces between sampling point and detector.precision: The degree of a

41、greement of repeated measurements of the same property. expressed in terms of dispersionof test results about the mean result obtained by repetitive testing of a homogenous sample under specified conditions.The precision of a method is expressed quantitatively as the standard deviation computed from

42、 the results of a seriesof controlled determinations.primary calibration: The determination of the electronic system accuracy when the detector is exposed in a knowngeometry to radiation from sources of known energies and activity levels traceable to the NBS.quality assurance: All those planned and

43、systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a systemor component will perform satisfactorily in service.response time: The time interval from a step change in the input concentration at the instrument inlet to a reading of90 percent (nominally equivalent to 2.2 time constants)ul

44、timate recorded output.secondary calibration: The determination of the response of a system with an applicable source whose effect on thesystem was established at the time of a primary calibration.sensitivity: The minimum amount of contaminant that can repeatedly be detected by an instrument.system:

45、 The entire assembled equipment excluding only the sample collecting pipe.2 Copyright 1974 IEEE All Rights ReservedCONTINUOUSLY MONITORING RADIOACTIVITY IN EFFLUENTS ANSI N13.10-1974Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. Provided by IHS under license with IEEENot for R

46、esaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-4. Factors Influencing Selection of Instrumentation4.1 Effluent Stream Factors.4.1.1 Radiological Characteristics of the Effluent Stream.The radiological characteristics of an effluent stream influence system capability requir

47、ements. The concentration ofeach radionuclide present with its particular half-life and type (alpha, beta, and photon) and the energy of radiationemitted must be considered in the selection of detectors. Alpha and beta radiation may be particularly subject to energyabsorption in the detector housing

48、 of the effluent materials, thus influencing the sensitivity of the system. Alpha andlow-energy beta radiation will not be measured at all if there is any appreciable thickness of material between theeffluent and the detector. If a detector housing or the wall of the effluent line separate the efflu

49、ent from the detector, theabsorption of photons and charged particle equilibrium must be considered. In addition, a delay between sampling andmeasurement may significantly affect the detection capability of the system for radionuclides with short half-lives.4.1.2 Physical Characteristics of the Effluent.Physical character