1、 ANSI S1.15-2005/Part 2 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Measurement Microphones Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Technique Accredited Standards Committee S1, Acoustics Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 35 Pinelawn Road
2、, Suite 114 E Melville, NY 11747-3177ANSI S1.15-2005/Part 2 Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordina
3、tor of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote
4、its practical applications. Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI S1.15- 2005 /Part 2 (Replaces ANSI S1.10-1966) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Measurement Microphones Part 2:
5、Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Technique Secretariat Acoustical Society of America Approved by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. 9 March 2005 Abstract This Standard specifies a primary method for the calibration of microphones
6、 by the reciprocity technique. The specifications are intended to ensure that primary calibration with the reciprocity technique can attain the highest accuracy. The technical requirements of this American National Standard is identical to International Standard IEC 61094-2: 1992, “Measurement micro
7、phones - Part 2: Primary method for pressure calibration of laboratory standard microphones by the reciprocity technique“. Various improvements have been made to include recent technical information. Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo repro
8、duction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. Th
9、ese committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after approval b
10、y their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute. These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the accredited Standards Co
11、mmittees operating in accordance with procedures approved by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison betw
12、een the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standa
13、rd implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more tha
14、n a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone,
15、whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standa
16、rds Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America ASA Secretariat 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114E Melville, New York 11747-3177 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 390-0217 E-mail: asastdsaip.org 2005 by Acoustical
17、 Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a re
18、quest to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America.Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iContents 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions 1 4 Refe
19、rence environmental conditions. 2 5 Principles of pressure calibration by reciprocity 3 5.1 General principle 3 5.2 Basic expressions 3 5.3 Insert voltage technique. 4 5.4 Evaluation of the acoustic transfer impedance 5 5.5 Heat-conduction correction 7 5.6 Capillary tube correction 7 5.7 Final expre
20、ssions for the pressure sensitivity 8 6 Factors influencing the pressure sensitivity 8 6.1 General 8 6.2 Polarizing voltage. 9 6.3 Ground shield reference configuration. 9 6.4 Pressure distribution over the diaphragm 9 6.5 Dependence on environmental conditions. 10 7 Calibration uncertainty componen
21、ts 10 7.1 General 10 7.2 Electrical transfer impedance. 11 7.3 Acoustical transfer impedance. 11 7.4 Polarizing voltage. 13 7.5 Uncertainty on pressure sensitivity level 13 Annex A (normative) Heat conduction in a closed cavity . 17 A.1 14 A.2 Bibliography for Annex A . 15 Annex B (normative) Acoust
22、ic impedance of a capillary tube 17 B.1 Determination by the transmission line theory. 17 B.2 Bibliography for Annex B . 18 Annex C (informative) Examples of cylindrical couplers for calibration of microphones 21 Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for R
23、esaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ii C.1 General 21 C.2 Plane-wave couplers 21 C.3 Large-volume couplers 23 C.4 Bibliography for Annex C . 24 Annex D (informative) Environmental influence on the sensitivity of microphones . 25 D.1 General 25 D.2 Dependence on
24、static pressure . 25 D.3 Microphone sensitivity pressure correction 26 D.4 Dependence on temperature . 28 D.5 Bibliography for Annex D . 30 Annex E (informative) Methods for determining microphone parameters 31 E.1 Introduction 31 E.2 Front cavity depth 31 E.3 Front cavity volume and equivalent volu
25、me. 31 E.4 Acoustic impedance of the microphone. 32 Annex F (informative) Physical properties of air 33 F.1 Properties. 33 F.2 Nomenclature: 33 F.3 Density of humid air . 34 F.4 Speed of sound in air. 35 F.5 Ratio of specific heats of air. 37 F.6 Viscosity and thermal diffusivity of air for capillar
26、y correction . 37 F.7 Bibliography for Annex F 39 Annex G (informative) A numerical example for the calculation of estimated expanded uncertainty41 Bibliography 43 Tables Table A.1 Values for Ev. 16 Table B.1a Real part of Za,C in gigapascal-second per cubic metre (GPasm-3). 19 Table B.1b Imaginary
27、part of Za,Cin gigapascal-second per cubic metre (GPasm-3) . 20 Table C.1 Nominal dimensions for plane-wave couplers . 22 Table C.2 Nominal dimensions and tolerances for large-volume couplers 24 Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproducti
28、on or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iiiTable C.3 Experimentally determined wave-motion corrections for the air-filled large-volume coupler used with type LS1P microphones 24 Table D.1Coefficients of the polynomial for calculating the microphone sensitivity pressure corrections us
29、ing Equations (D.1) or (D.2), and temperature corrections using Equation (D.3) for Brel and Kjr Type 4160 and Type 4180 microphones 30 Table F.1 Coefficient constants F.6 for the computation of c/coand /o. 38 Table F2 Recommended values of the quantities in clauses F.1 F.5 38 Table F3 Recommended re
30、ference values applicable to dry air at 0 0C and 101.325 kPa 38 Table G.1 A numerical example for the calculation of estimated expanded uncertainty of microphone sensitivity level with a particular microphone calibration arrangement at 250 Hz 41 Figures Figure 1 Equivalent circuit for evaluating the
31、 acoustic transfer impedance Za,1 . 5 Figure 2 Equivalent circuit for evaluating Za,12 when coupler dimensions are small compared with wavelength . 6 Figure 3 Equivalent circuit for evaluating Za,12, when plane wave transmission in the coupler can be assumed 7 Figure C.1 Mechanical configuration of
32、plane-wave couplers 22 Figure C.2 Mechanical configuration of large-volume couplers 23 Figure D.1 Examples of static pressure coefficient of LS1P and LS2P microphones relative to the low-frequency value as a function of relative frequency f/fo. 26 Figure D.2 The variation of the slopes of sensitivit
33、y correction curves with frequency for three Brel and Kjr Type 4160 microphones. The curve is obtained with an empirical equation for the computation of microphone sensitivity pressure correction. See Eq. (D.1). 27 Figure D.3 General frequency dependence of that part of the temperature coefficient f
34、or LS1P and LS2P microphones caused by the variation in the impedance of the enclosed air 28 Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-iv Foreword This Foreword is for information o
35、nly, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI S1.15 - 200X/Part 2 American National Standard American National Standard Measurement Microphones Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Technique. This standard comprises a p
36、art of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in acoustics. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S1 Acoustics, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Sco
37、pe of Accredited Standards Committee S1 is as follows: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, and terminology in the field of physical acoustics, including architectural acoustics, electroacoustics, sonics and ultrasonics, and underwater sound, but excluding those aspects which
38、pertain to biological safety, tolerances, and comfort. The technical requirements in this American National Standard are identical to the international standard IEC 61094-2 1992-03, Measurement Microphones Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reci
39、procity Technique. Various improvements have been made to include the latest information on pressure and temperature coefficients for microphone sensitivity correction and physical properties of air. This standard replaces ANSI S1.10-1966 American National Standard Method for the Calibration of Micr
40、ophones. Annexes A and B form an integral part of this standard. Annexes C, D, E, F, and G are for information only. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S1, Acoustics for approval, the membership was as follows: J.P. Seiler, Chair G.S.K. Wong, Vice-Chair S.B. Bl
41、aeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of America.G.S.K. Wong . J. Seiler (Alt.) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute .R. Seel American Industrial Hygiene Association. D. Driscoll D. Sandfort (Alt.) Audio Engineering Society, Inc. M.R. Chial Brel FAX: 631-390-0217; E-mail: asastdsaip.org Copyri
42、ght Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without licen
43、se from IHS-,-,-AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI S1.15-2005/Part 2 1American National Standard Measurement Microphones Part 2: Primary Method for Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Microphones by the Reciprocity Method 1 Scope This standard is applicable to laboratory standard microphones me
44、eting the requirements of ANSI S1.15-1997/Part 1 (R2001) and other types of condenser microphones having the same mechanical dimensions; specifies a primary method of determining the pressure sensitivity to establish a reproducible and accurate basis for the measurement of sound pressure. 2 Normativ
45、e references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI S1.1-1994 (R 1999) American Nat
46、ional Standard Acoustical Terminology. ANSI S1.15-1997/Part 1 (R2001), American National Standard Measurement microphones Part 1: Specifications for Laboratory Standard Microphones. ANSI/IEEE 260.4-1996 (R2002) American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoust
47、ics. IEC 60050-801:1994 International electrotechnical vocabulary Chapter 801: Acoustics and electroacoustics. Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, 1995, BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OILM 3 Definitions For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in ANS
48、I S1.1:1994. IEC 60050-810:1994, and ANSI/IEEE 260.45-1996 (R2002), and the following apply NOTE Boldface symbols represents complex quantities. Copyright Acoustical Society of America Provided by IHS under license with ASANot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI S1.15-2005/Part 2 2 3.1 reciprocal microphone A linear passive microphone for which the open-circuit reverse and forward transfer impedances are equal in magnitude. 3.2 phase angle of pressure sensitivity of a microphone For a given frequency, the phase angle between the open-circuit
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