ARMY MIL-HDBK-729-1983 CORROSION AND CORROSION PREVENTION METALS《腐蚀和防腐蚀金属》.pdf

1、MIL-HDBK-729 21 November 1983 SUPERSEDES MIL-HDBK“7 24 (MR) 1 Octobgr e 1969 MIL-HDBK-721(MR) 1 November ,1965 MILITARY STANDARDIZATION HANDBOOK U%!ROSIOlr AND CORROSION PREVENTION METALS NO DELIVERABLE DATA REQUIRED BY THIS DOCUMENT / AREA PFP/ Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or netw

2、orking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-723 NF W 7793970 0054753 LI MIL-HDBK-729 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20301 MIL-HDBK-729 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention-Metals 21 November 1983 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Department of Defense in accorda

3、nce with established procedure. 2. This publication was approved on 21 November 1983 for printing and inclusion in the military standardization handbook series. 3. This handbook provides basic and fundamental information on corrosion and corrosion prevention of metals for the guidance of engineers a

4、nd designers of military material. This handbook is not intended to be referenced in purchase specifications except for informational purposes nor shall it supersede any specification requirements. 4. Benefical Comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any per- tinent data which may be of

5、 use in improving this document should be addressed to: Director, Amy Materials and Mechanics Research Center, Attn: DRXMR-SMS, Watertown, MA 02172, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. ii Provide

6、d by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-FOPmORD e This is one of a group of handbooks covering the metallic and nonmetallic materials and their characteristics, used in the design and construction of military equipment. This handbook replaces Mil

7、itary Standardization Handbooks MIL-HDBK-721(MR), Vorrosion and Corrosion Protection of Metals“, dated November, 1965; and MIL-HDBK-724(MR), “The Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Hydrogen-Stress Cracking of Metals“, dated October, 1969. The intent of this handbook is to provide, in condensed form, a un

8、ified coverage of the factors influencing corrosion, forms of corrosive attack, and general methods of protecting metals and alloys from corrosion. Particular attention is given to the types of atmospheric corrosion encountered by type atmospheres, including effects of various chemicals, has been om

9、itted. por information on this type of data, the reader is encouraged tc consult the references listed in the bibliography. W corrosion-characteristics of metals and their alloys. Also provided are P military equipment. Generally, data regarding corrosion due to industrial The properties and data gf

10、ven in this handbook are not intended to lx used for purposes of providing manufacturing or procurement specifications. Such requirements are adequately covered. by applicable specifications Handbook draft preparation was accomplished by Battelles Columbus Laboratories, Metals and Ceramics Informati

11、on Center, in cooperation with and for the U.S. Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center. Figures 11, 13, 14, 15 , 16, 20, 22 ,23, 24 , 27, 29, 31 and 32 have been reproduced from vari6us NACE publications with the kind cooperation of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers. Figure 26 ha

12、s been reproduced by permission from Metals Handbook, Volume 7, copyright American Society for Metals ( 1972 1. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-729 BLANK iV Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking perm

13、itted without license from IHS -,-,-Section Sect ion Sect ion MIL-HDBK-729 TABLE OF CONTJ3NTS Page Foreword 1 . 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 . 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 . * 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Section 4 . 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9. 4.3.10 4.3.11 Y . SCO

14、PE Purpose Scope . Definitions Conte nt s Benefits . CORROSION AND ENGINEERING DESIGN Nature of Corrosion . Significance of Corrosion . Protection Against Corrosion . Design and Constraints CORROSION PROCESSES . . . e Corrosion as an Electrochemical Process . . Characteristics of the Environment tha

15、t Influence Corrosion Characteristics of the Metal that Influence . Corrosion . Influence of Fabrication and Assembly on Corrosion Influence of Films from Corrosion . Corrosion in Solution . Corrosion in Atnosphere Corrosion in Soil . Influence of Anodic and Cathodic Processes on Corrosion Rate . CO

16、RROSION ATTACK Types of Corrosion . High Temperature Oxidation Hot Corrosion of Superalloys Electrochemical Corrosion Attack . Uniform Corrosion Galvanic Corrosion . Pitting Corrosion Crevice Corrosion Intergranular Corrosion . Select ive Leaching . Erosion Corrosion Stress-Corrosion Cracking Hydrog

17、en-Stress Cracking Corrosion Fatigue Biological Corrosion iii 1 1 1 1 2 3 5 5 5 6 6 9 9 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 29 29 29 33 34 35 35 39 39 48 48 52 . 56 66 67 67 V . Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Section MIL-HDBK-729 TABLE OF CON

18、TENTS (Contd) Page . 5 . CORROSION OF SPECIFIC METALS . 71 5.1 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 71 5.1.1 Uniform Corrosion . 74 5.1.2 Pitting Corrosion . 74 5.1.3 Crevice Corrosion . 74 5.1.4 Intergranular Corrosion 75 5 1. 5.1 Susceptible Alloys 75 5.1.5.2 Environment Favoring Stress-Corrosion Cracking

19、 . 77 5.1.5.3 Mechanical and Other Factors . 79 5.2 Beryllium and Berylliun, Alloys . 82 5.2.1 Uniform Corrosion . 82 5.2.2 Galvanic Corrosion . - 83 5.2.3 Pitting Corrosion . 83 5.2.4 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 83 5.3 Copper and Copper Alloys 83 5.3.1 Uniform Corrosion . 84 5.3.2 Galvanic Corrosio

20、n 86 5.3.3 0 Pitting Corrosion . 86 5.3.4 Crevice Corrosion . 86 5.3.5 Selective Leaching 87 5.1.5 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 75 .5. 3.6. Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 87 5.3.6.1 Susceptible Alloys e8 5.3.6.2 Environments Favoring Stress-Corrosion Cracking 90 5.4.1 Galvanic Corrosion 96 5.4.2 Pitting

21、 and Crevice Corrosion . 96 Selective Leaching . 97 5.4.4 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 97 5.4.4.1 Low Carbon and Low Alloy Steels 97 5.4.4.2 High Alloy Steels 102 5.5 Lead and Lead Alloys . 111 5.5.1 Galvanic Corrosion 112 5.4 Iron and Iron Alloys (Steels) 91 5.4.3 1nt.ergranula.r Corrosion and 5.5.2

22、 Crevice Corrosion . 112 5.5.3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 113 5.6 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys . 113 5.6.1 Galvanic Corrosion 115 5.6.2 Pitting Corrosion . 115 5.6.3 Crevice Corrosion . 115 5.6.4 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 115 5.7 Nickel and Nickel Alloys 118 5.7.1 Pitting and Crevice Corrosion

23、. 120 5.7.2 Intergranular Corrosion 121 5.7.3 Stress-Corrosion Cracking . 121 ” I vi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-j NIL-HDBK-727 NF W 7777770 0059758 3 W Section 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 Section O 5 . s . 3 5.8.4 5.9 5.9,1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.

24、9.4 5.10 5.10. 1 5.10.2 5.10.3 6 . 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.3 W 6.6.4 6.6.5 6.6.6 k 6.6.7 6.6.8 6.6.9 6.6.10 6.6.11 6.6.12 6.6.13 6.6.14 MIL-HDBK-729 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd) Titanium and Titanium Alloys Galvanic Corrosion P

25、itting and Crevice Corrosion . Stress-Corrosion Cracking . Erosion Corrosion and Corrosion Fatigue Zinc and Zinc Alloys Unif om Corrosion . Galvanic Corrosion Crevice Corrosion . Stress-Corrosion Cracking hfiscellaneous Metals an6 Alloys . Refractory Metals Noble Metals . Electrodeposited Coatings P

26、REVENTION OF CORROSION . Types of Protective Measures Substitution of Materials Modification of the Environment . Modifying the Electrolyte . Corrosion Inhibitors Cathodic Protection Anodic Protection . Design Modification . Prevention of General Corrosion . . Prevelrtion of Stress-Corrosion Crackin

27、g . Protective Cracking . Metallic Coatings . Rust-Preventative ConlpounBs . Protection Against Specific Types . of Corrosion Minimizing Atmospheric Corrosion . Minimizing Underwater Corrosion . . Minimizing Corrosion n Soil . Controlling Galvanic Corrosion . . Controlling PittinF Corrosion . Preven

28、ting Crevice Corrosion . Controlling Intergranular Corrosion Controlling Selective Leaching . . Preventing Fretting Corrosion . . Avoiding Stress-Corrosion Failures Preventing Corrosion Fatigue . Preventing Hydrogen-Induced Crackin! Preventing Biological Attack . PreveRting Corrosion at Joints an6 F

29、aying Surfaces Inorganic Coatinqs Organic Coatings . vii . *. . 5 . Page 123 125 125 125 128 129 130 131 131 131 132 132 133 134 137 137 137 138 138 140 144 148 149 149 155 156 156 161 170 173 174 174 174 175 175 176 170 176 176 177 177 179 179 179 179 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction

30、or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-NIL-HDBK-727 NF m 7777770 0054757 5 . MIL-HDBK-7 29 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont d) P age 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 8. 8.1 8.2 - 8.3 Section 9. Section 10. Section 11. Section 18 3 163 18 6 18e 188 196 198 - 203 203 2 04 2 O5 217 220 233 CORROSION TE

31、STING Types of Corrosion Test . . Laboratory Tests . Field Tests Reporting of Test Data . . Accelerated Corrosion Tests Stress-Corrosion Testing . LUALITY ASSUFANCE (iuality Control Standardization Failure Analysis . REFERENCES . GLOSSAFY BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section Illustrations

32、Figuse 1. The Basic Corrosion Process 10 Figure 2. Formation of a Potential gradient between zinc and copper immersed in dilute acid solution . . 14 Figure 3. Corrosion of the anode and formation of hyd-rogen gas at the cathode in a corrosion cell due to electron flow . 14 Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure

33、 6. Corrosion of zinc containing a copper inclusion . 15 Idealized electrode polarization as a function of corrosion current flow 17 25 Evans-type diagram for depicting corrosion current as a function of electrode polarization . Figure 7. Evans-type diagrams showing (a) anodic, (b) cathodic, (c) mix

34、ed, and (dl resist-ance control fo simple corrosion processes . 27 28 Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Evans-type diagrams relating thermodynamic with kinetic corrosion parameters . Physical appearance of different types of corrosion attack 30 31: Effect of film properties on high temperature oxidatio

35、n . Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22, Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. MIL-HDBK

36、-729 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont dl Prote.ctive and unprotective oxide corrosion film formed on metals Effect of alloying on high temperature oxidation resistance of steel Galvanic corrosion attack associated with fasteners on steel sheet Pitting corrosion attack in an aluminum gas transmission pipe Pit

37、ting Corrosion attack in hard temper copper water tubirig . Corrosion attack at a crevice between a Cube and a tube sheet . Example of crevice attack on an open vessel . Example of deposit attack, a form of crevice corrosion Deposition-type attack of a carbon steel exposed to sulfuric acid at 3OoC .

38、 Filiform corrosion on aluminum under an organic coating . Exfoliation corrosion of a 2024 ST6 aluminum alloy . Conditions leaking to the intergranular corrosion of stainless steel Sensitized areas resulting from welding stainless steel . Appearance of weld decay on (a) a macro scale, and (b) a micr

39、o scale Appearance of dezincification of brass on Ia) a macro scale, and (b) a micro scale . Erosion corrosion of a valve seat by escaping steam Impingement attack on copper tubing used in .water service . ix Page 32 31 36 40 41 42 45 45 46 47 - 49 50 51 53 54 , 55 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No

40、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-NIL-HDBK-727 NF m 7777770 00547bL 3 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Figure 41. MIL-HDBK-729 . TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont d) C

41、avitation corrosion attack on cast iron diesel engine cylinder liners . Fretting corrosion of 7075 T651 aluminum alloy sheet in contact with a steel strap Stress-corrosion cracking of an aluminum alloy nut caused by corrosion of the bolt Relation of stress to failure time in a corrosive environment.

42、 . Sequence of events leading to failure by stress-corrosion cracking Types of crack morphology associated with stress-corrosion cracking . Corrosion fatigue showing characteristic fracture surface and localized surface attack . 1 Comparison of fatigue and corrosion fatigue curves . Relationship bet

43、ween crack velocity and stress intensity and pH or a 7000 series aluminum alloy . Schematic representation of grain structure in three orientations in an aluminum alloy extrusion . . Schematic development of stress-corrosion cracking. in an aluminum alloy extrusion Effect of increasing nickel conten

44、t on the susceptibility of stainless steel wires con- taining 18 to 20% chromium Evans-type diagram showing how an- impressed current Iopp, opposing the galvanic corrosion current, 1cor-r can reduce or halt the rate of .corrosion by a process known as a cathodic protection . i Cathodic protection of

45、 a buried pipeline by the impressed current (Iopp) method . Page 57 58 59. 60 63 64 68 69 7P 81 81 107 145 146 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-Figure Figure Fig u re Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Ta

46、bles Table Table Table MIL-HDBK-729 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont dl Page 42. Cathodic protection of (a) a buried pipe and (b) a hot water tank by the galvanic (sacrificial anode) method . 146 43. Corrosion characteristics of non-passivating and passivating metals 15 O 44 * Relationship of passive to acti

47、ve corrosion current density 15 O 45. Anodic protection method applied to a storage vessel containing sulfuric acid 151 46. Elimination of moisture catchment areas and use of drain holes 153 47. Protection at jointed surfaces of dissimilar metals 154 48. Sealing edges of lap joints to prevent crevic

48、e 154 corrosion . 49. Assembly stresses due to excessive clearance or mismatch . 158 50. Examples of rating charts for assessing the extent of corrosion attack by pitting . 190 51. Various types of specimens used for stress- corrosion cracking tests . 198 52. Stress-corrosion charactertzation of a m

49、aterial with low resistance (curve AI and high resistance (curve B) to cracking . 199 53 Relationship between stress intensity and crack growth rate for a comercial aluminum alloy . 200 I. The Electromotive Series of Metals 11 II. Factors influencing Corrosion in Solution . 22 III, The Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys . 38 xi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reprod