ARMY MIL-HDBK-756-1991 MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILES PROJECTILE COMPONENTS AND CARTRIDGE CASES FOR ARTILLERY TANK MAIN ARMAMENT AND MORTARS《弹丸组件及弹壳火炮 坦克主要武器装备》.pdf

1、MIL-HDBK-75b 33 II 9999970 0067345 2 W MI L-H D B K-756 (AR) 29 April 1991 MILITARY HANDBOOK MANUFACTURE 0% PROJECTILES, PROJECTILE COMPONENTS, AND CARTRIDGE CASES FOR ARTILLERY, TANK MAIN ARMAMENT, AND MORTARS AMSC NIA DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited

2、. FSG I3GP Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-756 33 m 9997970 O067346 4 I MIL-HDBK-756(AR) FOREWORD 1. This military handbook IS approved for use by all Activities and Agencies of the Department of the Army and is available

3、for use by all Departments and Agencies of,the Department of Defense! 2. Beneficial comments (reconimendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to: Com- mander, US Army Armamjnt Research, Development, and Engineering Cent

4、er, ATTN: S MCAR-CCH-P, Picatinny Arsenal, NJ 07806-5001, by using the self- addressed Standardization Document Improvement Proposal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. 3. This handbook was developcd under tile auspices of the US Army Materiel Commands Engineering De-

5、sign Handbook Program, which is under the direction of the US Army Management Engineering College. ii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-75b 13 E 9999970 O067347 b E MI L-H D B K-756(AR) CONTENTS (ir(igrupli Ill FOREWORD . ;i

6、1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xv . CHAPTER 1 INiO1)UCION I- I 1 -2 1-3 1-4 2- I 2-2 2-3 PURPOSE 1-1 BACKGROUND . 1-1 SCOPE 1-2 OVERVIEW 1-3 CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF PROJECTILES INTIIODUCTION 2-1 WEAPON TYPE . 24 2-2.1 .ARTILLERY . 2-1 2-2.2 TANK MAIN ARMA

7、MENT 2-3 2-2.3 . MORTARS 2-4 PROJECTILE TYPES BY TERMINAL EFFECTS 2-7 2-3 . I ANTIPERSONNEL . 2-7 2-3.2 . ANTIMATERIEL . 2-7 2-3.2.1 Hard Targets 2-7 2-3.2.2 Soft Targets . 2-7 2-3.3 BATTLEFIELD ILLUMINATION . 2-7 2-3.4 BATTLEFIELD OBSCURATION AND MARKING 2-7 2-3.5 TRAINING AMMUNITION 2-10 REFERENCE

8、S . 2-10 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS 3-1 INTROIIUCTION 3-1 3-2 DESIGN TRENDS . 3-1 3-3 FERROUS METALS . 3-1 3-3.1 CARBON STEELS 3-1 3-3.1.1 Definition 3-1 3-3.1.2 Low-Carbon Steels ,.3-2 3-3.1.3 Medium- and High-Carbon Steels . 3-3 3-3.2.1 Definition . : . 3-5 3-3.2.2 Alloying Elements 3-5 3-3.2.3 Propertie

9、s 3-5 3-3.2 ALLOY STEELS . 3-5 iii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-756 13 M 9999970 00b7148 B . 3-3.3 HIGH-FRAGMENTATIOH STEELS 3-6 3-3.3.1 Definition : 3-6 3-3.3.2 Types of High-Fragmentation Steels 3-6 3-3.3.3 Properties

10、 3-6 3-3.4. I Icriililic Mallenblc Iron . 3-7 3-3.4.2 Ductile or Nodular iron . 3-7 3-3.4 CAST IRONS 3-7 3-4 NONFERROUS METALS . 3-7 3-4.1 DEFINITION 3-7 3-4.2 LIGHT METAL ALLOYS 3-7 3-4.2.1 Methods of Manufacture . 3-7 3-4.2.1.1 Aluminum . 3-7 3-4.2.1.2 Magnesium 3-8 3-4.2.2 Properties . ; 3-8 3-4.

11、2.2.1 Aluminurn 3-8 3-4.2.2.2 Magnesium . 3-8 Applications and Constraints . 3-8 3-4.2.3.1 Aluminum . 3-8 3-4.2.3.2 Magnesium 3-9 3-4.3 HEAVY METAL ALLOYS . . 3-9 3-4.3.1.1 Tungsten Alloys . 3-10 3-4.3.1.2 Depleted Uranium . 3-10 3-4.3.2 Applications and Constraints . 3-10 3-4.4 COPPER ALLOYS . 3-10

12、 3-4.4. I Methods of Manufacture . 3-10 3-4.4.2 Properties 3-11 3-4.4.3 Application and Constraints 3-11 3-5 NONMETALLIC MATERIALS i . 3-11 REFERENCES . 3-13 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 3-13 3-4.2.3 3-4.3.1 Methods of Manufacture and Properties . 3-10 CHAPTER 4 MANUFACTURING METHODS 4-1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4-1.1 BA

13、CKGROUND . 4-1 4- 1.2 MANUFACTURING FACILITIES 4-2 4-1.3 STANDARDIZATION . i . 4-2 4-1.4 CURRENTLY USED PROCESSES . 4-2 METAL FORMING PROCESSES 4-2 4-2.1 HOT FORGE-HEAT TREAT (HF-HT) AND MACHlNE 4-2 4-2.1.1 Raw Material Parameters 4-4 4-2.1.2 Billet Separation 4-5 4-2.1.3 illcL.Heatiiig . 4-6 4-2.1.

14、4 Forging 4-7 4-2.1.5 Contour Turn and Cutoff 4-8 4-2.1.6 Nosing . 4-8 4-2.1.7 Heat Treatment . 4-10 4-2 . I . 8 Machining and Finishing Operations . 4-10 4-2.1.8.1 Bore, Face, and Chamfer . 4-11 4-2.1.8.2 Finish Turning . 4-11 4-2.1.8.3 Face Rase and Cut Threads . 4-11 4-2.1.8.4 Base Plate Assembly

15、 4-12 4-2.1.8.5 Machine Band Seat . . . 4-12 4-2 iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-756 13 m 9999770 0067147 T m M I b-H D B K-756 (AR) 4-2.1.8.6 Grind Bourrelet 4-13 4-2.1.8.7 Rotating Band Application 4-13 4-2.1.8.8 Mach

16、ine Rotating Band 4-14 4-2.1.8.9. Projectile Marking . 4-14 4-2.1.8.10 Surface Prepqration . 4-14 4-2.1.8. I I Ioiiiiiiig . 4-14 4-2.2.1 Raw Material Parameters 4-15 4-2.2.2 Billet Separation 4-15 4-2.2.3 Hot Cupping 4-15 4-2.2.4 Concentricity Turn and Cutoff 4-15 4-2.2.5 Surface Preparation . 4-15

17、4-2.2.6 Cold-Forming 4-15 4-2.2.7 Thermal Treatments . 4-15 4-2.2.8 Face-off and Contour Open End . 4-16 4-2.2.9 Nosing . 4-16 4-2.2.10 Machining 4-16 4-2.2 1401 CU I-COLD DKAW . 4-14 4-2.3 COLD EXTRUSION . 4-16 4-2.4 MACHINING FROM SOLID WROUGHT STOCK . 4-17 4-2.5 DEEP DRAWING . 4-17 REFERENCES . 4

18、-17 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 4-17 CHAPTER 5 OTHER DEEP CAVITY PROJECTILES MANUFACTURE OF CONVENTIONAL HIGH-EXPLOSIVE (HE) AND 5-1 INTRODUCTION 5-1 5-1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS . 5-1 5-1.2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 5-1 5-1.2.1 155-mm M549A1 HERA Projectile . 5-1 5-1.2.2 155-mm MI07 HE Projectile . 5-2 5-2 MANUFACTURE OF

19、 HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PKOJEC11LE (M549Al TYPE) 5-2 5-2.1 MANUFACTURE OF WARHEAD BODY . 5-3 5-2.1.1 Design . 5-3 5-2.1.2 Selection of Manufacturing Process 5-3 5-2.1.3 Material Parameters 5-3 5-2.1.4 Typical Sequence of Operations . 5-3 5-2.1.4.1 Forming Operations 5-3 5-2.1.4.2 Thermal Treatment 5-4 5-2.1

20、.4.3 Finish Operations 5-4 5-2.2.1 Material Parameters 5-5 5-2.2.2 5-2.2 MANUFACTURE OF ROCKET MOTOR BODY . 5-5 Typical Sequence of Operations . 5-5 5-2.2.2.1 Forming Operations 5-6 Rotating Band Application 5-6 5-2.2.2.3 Heat Treating 5-6 5-2.2.2.4 Finish Operations 5-6 REFERENCES . 5-7 5-2.2.2.2 5

21、-3 MANUFACTURE OF HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILE (MI07 TYPE) 5-7 V Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-75b 13 E 9999970 00b7150 b i MI L-HDBK-756(AR) CHAPTER 6 MAN U FA c:r U R E OF CA 12 RI ER PR O J E cII LES 6-1 INTRODUCTION 6-1

22、 6-1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS . 6-1 6- 1.2 PHYSICAL DESCRI PTION 6-1 6-1.2. I Carricr Irojcclilcs (155-inni M483A1 Subinunihn Typ) . 6-1 6-1.2.2 Carrier Projectile (155-mm M825 Smoke Type) . 6-1 6-1.2.3 Carrier Projectile (155-mm M485A2 Illuminating Canister Type) 6-2 MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILE 155-mm M48

23、3Al . 6-2 6-2 6-2.1 MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILE BODY . 6-2 6-2.1.1 Design . 6-2 Selection of Manufacturing Process . 6-2 6-2.1.2 6-2.1.3 MatcraPParainetcrs 6-2 6-2.1.4 Typical Sequence of Operations . 6-2 Billet Separation, Descaling . 6-2 Cabbage and Pierce . 6-3 Draw and Punch Out Nose, Slow Cool, S

24、hot Blast Inner Diameter 6-3 Rough Turn Outer Diameter . 6-3 Cold-Draw, Stress Relief . 6-3 Cut Off, Finish Turn Band Seat, Bore ID of Nose and Face . 6-4 Wcld tlic Rotating Rand. Stress Rclicvc, Rough Turn Rand 6-4 Heat Treat, Quench, Temper, and Cool . 6-4 Finish Turn Outer Diameter 6-4 Bore, Face

25、, and Chamfer . 6-4 Slot Keyway and Deburr . 6-4 Wash and Phosphate . ; . 6-5 Fiberglass Wrap and Cure . 6-5 Finish Turn Fiberglass . 6-5 6-2.1.4. I 6-2.1.4.2 6-2.1.4.3 6-2.1.4.4 6-2.1.4.5 6-2,1.4.6 6-2.1.4.7 6-2.1.4.8 6-2.1.4.9 6-2.1.4.10 Finish Bore ID, Wash, and Magnetic Particle Inspect . 6-4 6-

26、2.1.4.11 6-2.1.4.12 6-2.1.4.13 Grind Front and Rear Bourrelets . 6-5 6-2.1.4.14 6-2.1.4.15 6-2.1.4.16 6-2.1.4.17 Finish Turn Band 6-5 6-2.1.5 Body Manufacturing Differences for the M825 and M485A2 6-5 OGIVE AND BASE MANUFACTURE . 6-5 6-2.1.1 Selection of Manufacture Process 6-5 6-2.2.2 Material . 6-

27、6 6-2.2.3 Typical Sequeiice of Operations . 6-6 6-2.2.4 Manufacturing Differences for M825 and M485A2 Ogives and Bases . 6-6 6-2.2.4.1 Ogives 6-6 6-2.2.4.2 Bases . 6-6 BODY AND OGIVE ASSEMBLY . 6-6 APPLY THREAD SEALANT, THREAD, AND TORQUE 6-6 AIR TEST OF BODY AND OGIVE JOINT . 6-6 ASSEMBLE OBlURATOR

28、 BAND AND GROMMET . 6-7 6-2.2 6-3 6-3.1 6-3.2 6-3.2 6-3.4 VAPOR DEGREASE, WASH PRIME, APPLY PAINT SHIELD, MASK BAND, AND PAINT 6-6 REFERENCES . 6-7 CHAPTER 7 MANUFAClURE 01; SHAPED CliARGE PROJECIILES 7-1 INTRODUCTION 7-1 7-1 .I DESIGN PARAMETERS . 7-1 7-1.2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 7-1 7-1.2.1 105-mm M

29、456A2 HEAT-T-MP . 7-1 vi Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-756 13 0 9999970 00b7L5L B MIL-HDBK-756(AR) 7.1.2.2 120-mm M830 HEATLT-MP . _. . 7-1 MANUFACTURE OF HEAT.PROJ . 7-8 7-3.2 PROJECTILE, HEAT, M830 7-9 REFERENCES i 7-9

30、 7-2 7-2.1 MANUFACTURE OF BODY . 7-1 7-2.2 7-2.2.5 7-2.6 MANUFACTURE OF BOOM 7-8 CHAPTER 8 MANUFACTURE OF KINETIC ENERGY PROJECTILES 8-1 INTRODUCTION 8-1 8-1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS . 8-1 8- 1.2 8-1 1H Y S ICA L DESCRI IIION 8-2 MANUFACTURE OF 105-mm M833 PROJECTILE 8-2 8-2.1.1 Design . 8-2 8-2.1.2 Sele

31、ction of Manufacturing Process . 8-2 8-2.1.3 Material Parameters 8-2 8-2.1.4 Typical Sequence of Operations . 8-2 8-2.2. I 8-2.2.2 Selection of Manufacturing Process and Sequence of Operations 8-3 8-2.1 MANUFACTURE OF PENETRATOR 8-2 8-2.2 MANUFACTURE OF SABOT . 8-2 Design and Material Parameters 8-2

32、 vii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-75b 33 I 9999970 0067352 T R MI L-H D BK-756(AR) 8-2.3 MANUFACTURE OF WINDSHIELD AND BOURRELET . 8-3 8-2.3.1 Windshield ;.i. . 8-3 8-2.3.2 Bourrelet 8-4 8-2.4 MANUFACTURE OF OBTURATOR,

33、SEALING BAND, AND AFT SEAL . 8-4 8-2.5 MANUFACTURE OF FIN 8-4 REFERENCES . 8-4 CHAPTER 9 MORTAR AMMUNIION 9-1 9-2 INTRODUCTION 9-1 9-1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS . 9-1 9-1.2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 9-1 9-1.2.1 Higli-Explosive Cartridge 9-1 9-1.2.2 Smoke Cartridge 9-2 9-1.2.3 Illuminating Cartridge . 9-3 MANUF

34、ACTURE OF HIGH-EXPLOSIVE PROJECTILE (M374 Type) 9-4 9-2.1 MANUFACTURE OF PROJECTILE BODY 9-5 9-2.1.1 Design . 9-5 9-2.1.2 Selection of Manufacturing Process . 9-5 9-2.1.3 Raw Material Parameters 9-6 9-2.1.4 Typical Sequence of Operations . 9-6 9-2.1.4.1 Forming Operations 9-6 9-2.1.4.1.1 HF-HT Proce

35、ss 9-6 9-2.1.4.1.2 HC-CD Process 9-6 9-2.1.4.2 Machining . 9-6 9-2.1.4.2.1 HF-H Process 9-6 9-2.1.4.2.2 HC-CD Process 9-6 9-2.1.4.3 Thermal Treatments 9-6 9-2.1.4.3.1 HF-HT Process . i 9-6 9-2.1.4.3.2 HC-CD Process . ; 976 9-2.1.4.4 Surface Preparation and Painting . 9-6 Smoke Projectile Body . 9-7

36、9-2.1.6 Illuminating Projectiles . 9-7 9-2.2 CARTRIDGE HOUSING AND FIN 9-7 9-2.2. I Raw Material Parameters -9-7 9-2.2.2 Forming Operations . 9-7 9-2.2.2.1 Cartridge Housing . 9-7 9-2.2.2.2 Fin 9-8 9-2.2.3 Thermal Treatment . 9-8 9-2.2.4 Machining Operations 9-8 9-2.2.4.2 Fin 9-8 9-2.1.5 9-2.2.4.1 C

37、artridge Housing . 9-8 9-2.2.5 Finishing Operations 9-8 TAIL CON E 9-8 9-2.3 REFERENCES . 9.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 9-8 CHAIIEl 10 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL CARTRIDGE CASES 10- 1 INTRODUCTION 10-1 10-1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS . 10-1 10-1.2 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION . 10-1 viii Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduct

38、ion or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-. MIL-HDBK-756 33 9999970 O067353 L E MIL-HDBK-756(AR) 10-1.2.1 Deep Drawn 10-1 10-1.2.2 Multipiece, Spirally Wrapped 10-1 10-1.2.3 Forged . 10-2 10-1.3 SELECTION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS . 10-2 DEEP DRAWN MANUFACTURING PROCESS 10-2 10-2.1 MA

39、TERIAL . 10-2 10-2 10-2 .I . 1 10-2.1.2 Disk Coiifiguritioii lcady for Iroccssiiig 10-2 Unsplieroidized Disks or Plate . 10-2 10-2.2 PREPARATION FOR CUPPING 10-2 10-2.3 PRECUP AND CUP 10-3 10-2.4 PROCESS ANNEAL . 10-3 10-2.5 DRAWING 10-3 10-2.6 TRIMMING . 10-3 10-2.7 PREHEAD.AND FINAL HEAD 10-3 10-2

40、.8 PIERCING THE PRIMER HOLE 10-3 10-2.9 HEAT TREATMENT 10-3 10-2.10 ANNEAL SURFACE OF HEAD . 10-4 10-2.11 HIGH-STRESS EXPANSION TEST 10-4 10-2.12 TAPERING, NECKING, AND SIZING 10-4 10-2.13 MACHINE HEAD AND OVERALL LENGTH . 10-4 10-2.14 MOUTH ANNEAL 10-4 10-2.15 SIZE MOUTH 10-4 10-2.16 PROTECTIVE COA

41、TING . 10-4 SPIRALLY WRAPPED CARTRIDGE CASES 10-4 10-3.1 COMPONENT MATERIALS . 10-4 10-3.2 METHODS OF MANUFACTURE . 10-4 . 10-3.2.1 Base . 10-4 10-3.2.1.1 Heat, Shear, and Forge Bar . 10-4 10-3.2.1.2 Machine First Side (Outside) . 10-5 10-3.2.1.3 Machine Second Side (Inside) . 10-5 10-3.2.1.4 Ream a

42、nd Counterbore Primer Hole . 10-5 10-3.2.1.5 Clean and Prepare Surface 10-5 10-3.2.1.6 Varnish and Bake 10-5 10-3.2.2 Collar . 10-5 10-3.2.2.1 Blank . 10-5 10-3.2.2.2 Anneal . 10-5 10-3.2.2.3 Clean, Lubricate, and Cold-Form 10-6 10-3.2.2.4 Wash, Process Anneal, and Tumble 10-6 10-3.2.2.5 Clean and P

43、repare Surface 10-6 10-3.2.3.1 Uncoil, Straighten, and Blank 10-6 10-3.2.3.2 Roll and Flange Body 10-6 10-3.3 SIZE BODY AND ASSEMBLE COMPONENTS 10-7 10-3.4 M115 SPIRALLY WRAPPED CARTRIDGE CASE . 10-7 FORGED BASE FOR COMBUSTIBLE CARTRIDGE CASE . 10-7 10-4 .I MATEIIAL . 10-7 10-4.2 MULT PREPARATION .

44、10-7 10-4.3 FORGING AND NORMALIZING . 10-7 10-4.4 ROUGH MACHINING . 10-7 10-4.5 HEAT TREAT . 10-8 10-4.6 FINISH MACHINE . 10-8 REFERENCES 10-9 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 10-9 10-3 10-3.2.3 Body 10-6 10-4 ix Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-

45、HDBK-75b 13 W 9999970 0067354 3 W MI L-H DBK-756(AR) CHAPTER 11 PRODUCT ASSURANCE 1 1-1 INTRODUCTION . 11-1 I 1.2 . I 1 NS PECIION SYSTEM li EQU I I EM ENTS 1 1 - 1 1 1-22 QU ALLTY PROGRAM REQUII1EMENTS . 11-1 QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTING . 11-1 11-3.1 I 1-3.2 I 1-2 INSPECTION SYSTEM AND QUALITY PROGRA

46、M REQUIREMENTS 11-1 11-3 FIRST ARTICLE TESTS . 11-1 CONFORMANCE TESTS 11-2 REFERENCES . 11-2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 11-2 LIIAPlEH 12 EVALUATION OF PROPERTIES 12-1 12-2 12-3 12-4 12-5 12-6 12-7 INTRODUCTION 12-1 12-1.1 BACKGROUND 12-1 12-1.2 SPECIFICATIONS 12-1 12-1.3 STANDARDS . 12-1 TENSILE TESTING . 12-1 12

47、-2 . I PURPOSE OF TEST 12-1 12-2.2 EQUIPMENT USED . 12-1 12-2.3 SPECIMENS USED 12-1 12-2.4 TEST RESULTS 12-2 FRACTU RE TOUGHNESS TESTING 12-3 12-3.1 PURPOSE OF TEST . 12-3 12-3.2 EQUIPMENT USED . 12-3 HARDNESS TESTING 12-3 12-4.1 PURPOSE OF TEST . 12-3 12-4.2 EQUIPMENT USED . 12-4 12-4.3 SPECIFICATI

48、ON REQUIREMENTS 12-4 12-4.4 SPECIMENS USED 12-4 12-4.5 TEST RESULTS 12-4 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS . I 2-4 12-5 . I PURPOSE OF TEST . 12-4 12-5.2 EQUIPMENT USED . 12-4 12-5.3 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 12-4 12-5.4 SAMPLE PREPARATION . 12-5 12-5.5 TEST RESULTS 12-5 SALT SPRAY . 12-5 12-6.1 PURPOSE OF TEST .

49、12-5 12-6.2 DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT USED 12-5 12-6.3 SPECIFICATION REQUIREMENTS 12-5 12-6.4 SAMPLE PREPARATION . 12-5 12-6.5 TEST RESULTS 12-5 OTHER TESTS . .I 2-5 12-7.1 CHEMICAL ETCHING 12-5 12-7.2 COM Pli ESS ION TEST . 12-6 12-7.3 BEND TEST 12-6 12-7.4 IMPACT TEST 12-6 REFERENCES . 12-7 IIIBLIOGRAIHY . 12-7 X Provided by IHS N