ARMY MIL-HDBK-765 NOTICE 1-1989 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DESIGN OF POLYPHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS《用于安全设计的多相电力系统指导方针》.pdf

1、c, 1_ - “ MIL-HDBK-765 NOTICE I SA m 7777770 0038761 0 m 6-31 -0) -Q MILITARY HANDBOOK MIL-HDBK-765 (MI.) 14 JULY 1988 GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DESIGN OF POLYPHASE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AMSC/NA AREA SAFT DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Y. THIS DOCUMENT CONTA

2、INS 15 PAGES. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-765(MI) DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WASHINGTON, DC 20301 Guidelines for Safe Design of Polyphase Electrical Systems 1. This standardization handbook was developed by the Field Safety

3、 Activity of the US Army Materiel Command with the assistance of other organizations within the Department of the Army. 2. This document supplements department manuals, directives, military standards, etc., and provides information on the design sf safe polyphase electrical systems. 3. Beneficial co

4、mnlcnts (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this document should be addressed to Director, US Army AMC Field Safety Activity, ATTN: AMXOS-SE, Charlestown, IN 471 11-9669, by using the self-addressed Standardization Document Inlprovement Prop

5、osal (DD Form 1426) appearing at the end of this document or by letter. Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-765(MI) FOREWORD The primary purpose of this handbook is to improve the safety of polyphase electrical systems and com

6、po- nents by addressing the associated risks and hazards and by offering solutions for eliminating or reducing them. To facilitate its use, the handbook is divided into two major parts: (1) general safety considerations pre- sented in Chapters 2 and 3 and (2) design safety for specific items of elec

7、trical equipment presented in Chapters 4 through 8. Furthermore, the chapters con- form to the following standardized format to assist the reader: introduction, induced environment, hazards, de- sign considerations, compatibility and interoperability, test criteria for design and item acceptance, an

8、d opera- tional precautions. The handbook content, although broad, is sufficiently specific to satisfy the needs of the design engineer, safety. manager, safety engineer, and equipment user. This handbook was developed under the auspices of the Army Materiel Commands Engineering Design Hand- book Pr

9、ogram, which is under the direction of the US Army Management Engineering College The handbook was written by the Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. DAAA08-80-C-0247. . 111 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-This page inte

10、ntionally left blank, iv Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MILITARY HANDBOOK GUIDELINES FOR SAFE DESIGN OF POLYPHASE EIJIICTRICAI, SYSTEMS c Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from

11、IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-765 NOTICE Z SA m 9999970 O038766 T m CONTENTS Paragraph LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . LIST OF TABLES . LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . 1-0 1-1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION LIST OF SYMBOLS . PURPOSE 1-2 SCOPE . 1-2.1 SYSTEMS COVERED IN THIS HANDBOOK 1-2.2 TECHNICAL DATA INCLUDED IN HANDBO

12、OK . 1-3 DESCRIPTION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS . 1-3 .I DEFINITION OF POLYPHASE SYSTEMS ; . 1-3.1.1 System Components 1-3.1.1.1 Engine-Driven-Generator Set 1-3.1.1.2 Distribution System . 1-3.1.1.2.1 Transmission Lines 1-3.1.1.2.2 . 1-3.1.1.2.3 Bus Bars Distribution Transformers . 1-3.1.1.2.4 Switching S

13、ystems 1-3.1.1.2.5 Protective Devices . 1-3.1.1.3 1-3.1.2 1-3.1.2.1 1-3.1.2.2 1-3.1.2.3 1-3.2 1-3.2.1 1-3.2.2 1-3.2.3 1-3.2.4 1-3.2.5 1-3.2.6 1-4 1.4 .I 1-4.2 2-0 2- 1 2-2 2.2 . L 2-2.2 2-2.3 2-3 2-3.1 End-Items System Configurations System Topology Electrical Parameters . Standby vs Primary Power S

14、ystems . EQUIPMENT POWERED BY POLYPHASE SYSTEMS . Introduction Radars . Communication Equipment Welding Equipment . Medical Equipment . Other Equipment . HANDBOOK OVERVIE W . HANDBOOK ORGANIZATION REFERENCES HOW TO USE THIS HANDBOOK . ; CHAPTER 2 GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS LIST OF SYMBOLS . RISK

15、ASSESSMENT HAZARD SEVERITY . HAZARD PROBABILITY RISK ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA . DEFINITION OF HAZARD LIMITS ELECTRICAL SHOCK . INTRODUCTION . V Page xvii xviii xv 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-4 1-4 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-7 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-8 1-9 1-10 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2

16、-2 2-3 2-3 2-3 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-2-3.2 2-3.3 2-3.3. I 2-3.3.2 2-3.4 2-3.5 2-3.6 2-3.7 2-4 2.4 . I 2.4 .I . I 2-4.1.2 2-4.1.3 2-4 . I . 4 2.4 .I . 5 2-4.1.6 2-4.1.7 2-4.1.8 2.4 . I . 9 2-4.2 2-42 .I 2-4.2.2 2-4.2.3 2-4

17、.3 2-4.3.1 2-4.3.1.1 2-4.3.1.2 2-4.3.1.3 2-4.3.2 2-5 2-51 2-5.1.1 2.5 . I . 2 2-5.1.3 2.5 . .4 2-5.1.5 2-5.1.6 2-5.2 2-5.2. I 2-5.2.2 2-5.3 2-5.3.1 2-5.3.2 2-5.3.3 2-5.3.4 2-5.3.5 2-5.4 2-5.4.1 2-5.4.2 2-5.4.3 2-5.4.4 2-5.4.5 2-5.4.6 MIL-HDBK-765(MI) NOISE TEMPERATURE High Temperature (Burns) Low Te

18、mperature FIRE VIBRATION TOXIC FUMES . SOURCES OF HAZARD INFORMATION INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) American National Standards Institute (ANSI) . National Are Protection Association (NFPA) Electrical Generating Systems Association (EGSA) . National El

19、ectrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Insurance Organizations Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) . Equipment Manufacturers . INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) . International Organization for Standardization (ISO) . Othe

20、r Standardization Organizations GOVERNMENT EXPERIENCE . Department of Defense (Do3) Military Standards and Specifications . Military Handbooks Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) . APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS . MILlTARY STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS . General Safety Considerations. Document

21、s . Documents on Safety for Electrical Systems . Engine-Briven-Generator Set Standards and Specifications Documents Describing Distribution of Electric Power Documents Describing Electrical Components Documents Describing Testing and Test Equipment . GOVERNMENT STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS . Docunle

22、nts on Safety for Electrical Systems . Documents Bescribing Testing and Test Equipment . INTERNATIONAL SOURCES . Documents on Safety for Electrical Systems . Motor-Generator Standard and Specification . Documents Describing Distribution of Electric Power Documents Bescribing Electrical Components Do

23、cuments Describing Testing and Test Equipment . COMMERCIAL SOURCES General Safety Considerations. Document Documents on Safety for Electrical Systems . Motor-Generator Standards and Specifications Documents Describing Distribution of Electric Power Documents Describing Electrical Components Document

24、s Bescribing Testing and Test Equipment . REFERENCES OFERATION IN HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES Data Bases for Accidents Involving Military Personnel . vi 2-5 2-8 2-8 2-9 2-9 2-11 2-14 2-14 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-17 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-1

25、8 2-18 2-18 2-18 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-19 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-20 2-21 2-22 2-22 . Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-MIL-HDBK-765 NOTICE L SA W 7797770 0038768 3 W 3- 1 3-2 3-2.1 3.2 . 1 . 1 3-2.1.2 3-2

26、.1.2.1 3-2.1.2.2 3-2.1.3 3-2.1.4 3-2.1.4.1 3-2.1.4.2 3-2.1.4.3 3-2.1.4.4 3-2.1.4.5 3-2.1.5 3-2.1.6 3-2.1.7 3-2.2 3-2.2.1 3-2.2.2 3-2.2.3 3-2.2.4 “ 5-2.3 3-2.3.1 3-2.3.2 3-2.3.3 3-2.3.4 3-2.3.5 3-3 3.3 . 1 3-3.1.1 3-3.1.2 3-3.2 3-3.2.1 3-3.3 3-3.4 3-3.4.1 3-3.4.2 3-3.4.3 3-3.4.3. I 3-3.4.3.2 3-3.4.3.

27、3 3-3.4.3.4 3-3.5 3-3.5.1 3-3.5.2 3-3.6 3-3.7 3-3.8 3-3.9 CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT 1 . CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT Moisture Lightning Static Electricity . Temperature Corrosive Gases and Aerosols . Salt Spray . Ozone Static Electricity and Lightning S

28、ulfur Compounds Oxides of Nitrogen Susceptibility of Electrical Systems Sand and Dust Solar Radiation . Pressure . NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS . Hot-Wet Climates . Hot-Dry Climates Intermediate Climate . Cold Climates BATTLEFIELD ENVIRONMENT . Fragments and Projectiles . Chemicals Overpressure : Electromag

29、netic Pulse (EMP) . Ionizing Radiation SYSTEM DESIGN CHOICES AND TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS SYSTEM CONTROL Voltage Control Configuration Control INTERFACE TO PERMANENT POWER SYSTEMS Standby or Uninterruptible Power Supplies COGENERATION . SYSTEM GROUNDING . Ground Resistance Grounding Considerations .

30、 Grounding at Utility Service Entrance . Grounding of Local Generators . Separation of System Grounds Grounding of Delta Configurations . SYSTEM LOAD CONSIDERATIONS . Matching Power System to Load Load Allocation GROUND FAULT PROTECTION . MATERIAL SELECTION PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION Grounding Technique

31、s for Polyphase Systems ARCING REFERENCES 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-7 3-8 3-9 3-11 3-12 3-12 3-13 3-13 3-14 3-15 3-15 3-15 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-16 3-17 3-17 3-19 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-21 3-21 3-23 3-23 3-23 3-23 3-25 3-26 3-26 3-27 3-31 3-35 vii Provided by

32、 IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-4- I 4-1.1 4-1.2 4-2 4-2.1 4-2.2 4-2.3 4-2.4 4-2.5 4-3 4-3.1 4-3.2 4-3.3 4-3.4 4-3.5 4-3.6 4-3.7 4-4 4-4.1 4-4.1.1 4-4.1.2 4-4.1.3 4-4.1.4 4-4.2 4-4.2.1 4-4.2. 1 . 1 4-4.2.1.2 4-42 1.3 4-4.2.1.4 4-4.2.2 4-4.3 4

33、-4.3.1 4-4.3.2 4-4.4 4-4.4. i 4-4.4.2 4-4.4.3 4-4.5 4-4.6 4-4.7 4-4.8 4-4.9 4-4.10 4-4.1 1 4-4.12 4-5 4.5 .I 4-5.2 4-5.3 4-5.4 4-5.5 4-6 “ flIL-HDBK-7bS NOTICE L SA W 9999970 00387b7 5 W MIGHDBK-765(Ml) CHAPTER 4 ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SET INTRODUCTION . DEFINITION OF ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SET .

34、EXAMPLE OF ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SETS USED BY THE ARMY INDUCED ENVIRONMENT . ELEVATED TEMPERATURES . VIBRATION AND SOUND EXHAUST GASES HAZARDOUS VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS PRESENCE OF FUELS HAZARDS FIRE BURNS (TO PERSONNEL) MECHANICAL HAZARDS . ELECTRICAL SHOCK . ELECTRICAL FAILURES FROM IMPROPER CONNE

35、CTION TOXIC EMISSIONS . DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION OF EQUIPMENT Principles of Guarding Protection From Moving Parts . Protection From Heated Surfaces . FIRE CONTROL SYSTEMS Extinguishing Systems . Carbon Dioxide . Halogenated Agents . Dry Chemicals . Foam Systems . Configuration

36、for Fire Control SAFETY INTERLOCKS . Techniques for Safety Interlocks . Application of Interlocks to Engine-Driven-Generator Sets GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTIVE SYSTEM . Functions of Control Systems . Control-System Design Considerations . Other Protective Systems ACOUSTICAL QUIETING . TERMINAL DE

37、SIGN . INSULATION MATERIAL SELECTION CURRENT CAPACITY EQUIPMENT MARKING PROVISIONS FOR PARALLEL OPERATION ENGINE SELECTION FUEL . COMPATIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SETS COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN CLASSES FEATURES CAUSING INCOMPATIBILITY . FEATURES AIDING COMPATI

38、BILITY BACKUP POWER SYSTEM TEST CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OR ITEM ACCEPTANCE . ACOUSTICAL NOISE.- HEARING LOSS Protection From High-Voltage Exposure INTEGRATION OF ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SETS INTO viii 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-12 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-18 4-18 4-19 4-19 4-20 4-20 4-2

39、2 4-22 4-22 4-23 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-4-6.1 4.6 . 1 . 1 4.6 .I . 2 4-6.1.3 4-6.1.4 4-6.1.5 4-6.2 4-7 4-7.1 4.7 . I . 1 4-7.1.2 4-7.2 4-7.3 4-7.3.1 4-7.3.2 4-7.3.3 4-7.4 4-7.4.1 4-7.4.2 4-7.4.3 4-7.4.4 4-7.5 4-7.5.1 4-7.5

40、.2 4-7.5.3 4-7.5.4 5-0 5-1 5-1.1 5-1.2 5-1.3 5-2 5.2 .I 5-2.2 5-2.3 5-2.4 5-2.4. I 5-2.4.2 5-2.4.3 5-2.4.4 5-2.4.5 5-2.4.6 5-2.4.6.1 5-2.4.6.2 5-2.5 5-2.6 5-2.6. 1 5-2.6.2 5-2.6.3 5-2.6.4 5-2.7 NIL-HDBK-7bS NOTICE L SA W qqYqq7O 0038770 MIL-HDBK-765(MI) TESTS REQUIRED BY MILITARY STANDARDS . Insulat

41、ion Tests . . Electrical Characterization Tests . Controls and Instrumentation Tests Performance Tests . Environmental Test . OTHER RECOMMENDED TESTS FOR ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SETS . OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS . LOCATION AND INSTALLATION OF ENGINE-DRIVEN-GENERATOR SETS . Portable and Mobile (Includin

42、g Tactical) Units . Permanently Installed Engine-Driven-Generator Sets . : . PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . ROUTINE OPERATION Start-up Engine Shutdown ROUTINE TESTING AND MONITORING Monitoring of Electrical Performance . Operation Engine Monitoring Trend Monitoring . Engine-Driven-Generator Set Diagnost

43、ic Testing LOAD AND GENERATOR SWITCHING . Bringing Generator On-Line . i Connecting a Second Generator in Parallel . Taking Generators Off-Line REFERENCES Bringing a Second Generator On-Line Without Interruption CHAPTER 5 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LIST OF SYMBOLS . INTRODUCTION . DEFINITION OF A DISTRIBUT

44、ION SYSTEM . TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS COMPONENTS USED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS . i . TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES AND BUS BARS INTRODUCTION . INDUCED ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . i . Installation Configuration Material Selection . Labeling Overcurrent Detection Devices Fuse

45、s . Circuit Breakers . COMPATIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY . TEST CRITERIA FOR ITEM DESIGN AND ACCEPTANCE . Inspection High-Potential Testing Relay Test . Ground Resistance Testing OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS I Grounding and Bonding ix 4-23 4-23 4-24 4-26 4.-27 4-28 4-29 4-29 4-29 4-29 4-30 4-30 4-31 4-3

46、1 4-31 4-31 4-31 4-31 4-31 4-32 4-32 4-32 4-32 4-32 4-33 4-33 4-33 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-1 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-6 5-6 5-8 5-8 5-8 5-9 5-9 5-9 5-9 Provided by IHS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS -,-,-HIL-HDK-STIC 1- SA m 9979970 003

47、8731 3 m 5-3 5-3.1 53.2 5-3.3 5-3.4 53.5 53.6 5-4 5-4.1 54.1. I 5-4.1.2 5-4.1.3 5-4.1.4 5-4.1.5 5-4.2 5-4.3 5-4.4 54.5 5-4.5.1 5-4.5.2 5-4.5.3 5-4.5.4 5-4.5.5 5-4.6 5-4.9 5-5 55.1 5-5.2 5-5.3 5-5.4 5-5.5 55.6 5-5.9 5-6 5-6.1 5-6.2 5-6.3 5-6.4 5-6.5 5-6.6 5-6.9 6-0 6-1 6-1.1 6-1.2 6-1.3 6-2 6.2 .I 6-

48、2.2 6-2.3 63 MIL-HDBK-I6S(MI) DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS INDUCED ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS : . DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . COMPATIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY . TEST CRITERIA FOR DESIGN AND ITEM ACCEPTANCE . OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS POWER CONDITIONERS . INTRODUCTION . Transformers . Motor-Generators . Power-F

49、actor Correction Capacitors . Rectifiers . Voltage Regulators INDUCED ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . COMPATIBILITY AND INTEROPERABILITY . Transformer Motor-Generators . Capacitor Banks Rectifiers . Voltage Regulators TEST CRITERIA FOR DESIGN AND ITEM ACCEPTANCE . OPERATIONAL PRECAUTIONS . UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES INTRODUCTION . INDUCED ENVIRONMEN