ARMY MIL-STD-1425A-1991 MILITARY LASERS AND ASSOCIATED SUPPORT EQUIPMENT SAFETY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR《军用激光和联合辅助设备设计要求》.pdf

1、NOTE: The cover page of this standard has beenchanged for administrative reasons. There are noother changes to this document.MIL-STD-1425A30 August 1991SUPERSEDINGMIL-STD-142513 December 1983DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEDESIGN CRITERIA STANDARDSAFETY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MILITARYLASERS AND ASSOCIATED SUP

2、PORT EQUIPMENTAMSC N/A FSC 4240DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425AFOREWORD1. This Military Standard is approved for use by all Departments andA

3、gencies of the Department of Defense.2. Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and anypertinent data which may be of use in improving this document should be addressedto: Commander, U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center,ATTN: SMCCR-PET-S, Aberdeen Provi

4、ng Ground, MD21O1O, by using the self-addressedStandardization Document Improvement Proposal (DDForm 1426) appearing at the endof this document or by letter.3. The purpose of this military standard (MIL-STD) is to provide uniformrequirements for the safe design of military equipment which incorporat

5、es lasers.These requirements apply only to laser products designed expressly for combat orcombat training operations or are classified in the interest of national securi-ty . In addition to providing uniform design requirements for the DOD components,this MIL-STD provides alternate controls, if nece

6、ssary, to the Food and DrugAdministration (FDA), National Center for Devices and Radiological Health(NCDRH), radiation safety performance standards prescribed in Title 21, Code ofFederal Regulations (CFR), Subchapter, when the military exemption (FDA Exemp-tion 76 EL-01 DOD) is granted to FDA Standa

7、rds. In certain areas the AmericanNational Standards for the Safe Use of Lasers, ANSI 2136.1; the FDA Standard; theNATO STANAG 3606, Evaluation and Control of Laser Hazards; or the DOD componentslaser classifications or categories may differ. These differences have evolveddue to the rapid developmen

8、t of laser technology. Rather than add to thisproliferation of standards with new definitions, this MIL-STD adopts the ANSI2136.1 definitions as the best compromise and most current and comprehensivestandard available when this MIL-STD was written. Military lasers which are notexempted will be class

9、ified according to 21 CFR 1040.10. Exempt military lasersor military lasers not covered by 21 CFR 1040.10 will use the hazard classifica-tion of ANSI 2136.1. Additionally, this MIL-STD adopts the maximum permissibleexposure levels from ANSI 2136.1.4. This 1983 version of this military standard was r

10、evised in 1991 by theLaser System Safety Working Group. This committee had representatives knowledge-able in laser safety from the Departments of the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, U.S.Navy, and U.S. Marine Corps.iiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from

11、 IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ACONTENTSPARAGRAPH PAGE1.1.11.21.31.3.11.3.21.3.31.3.41.3.51.3.61.3.71.41.52.2.12.1.12.1.22.23.3.13.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.1.73.1.83.1.93.1.103.1.113.1.123.1.133.1.143.1.153.1.163.1.173.1.183.1.193.1.203.1.213.1.223.1.233.1.243.1.253.1.263.1.27SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . .

12、 . .Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . .Purpose .Applicability Combat and combat training laserClassified laser products . . .Military exemption status . . .Exempt military laser productsNonexempt laser products . . .Research and development lasersNonapplicable laser types . . .Basic Policy . . . . . .

13、 . . .Tailoring . . . . . . . . . . .APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS . . . . . . .Government documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specifications, standards and handbooks .Other Government documents and publicationsNon-Govern

14、ment publications . .DEFINITIONS AND UNITS . . . . . .Terms and units . . . . . . . .Accessible emission levelAccessible Emission Limit (AEL).AEL for Class l . .Aperture . . . . . . . . .Attenuation” . . . . . . . . .Breadboard . . . . . . . . . .Candela . . . . . . .Closed installation . . . . . .C

15、ollateral radiation . . . . .Continuous wave (CU) . . . . .Diffuse reflectionElectromagnetic radiation .Exempted lasers . . . . . . . .Footcandle (FC) . . . . . . . .Human accessInfrared radiation (IR)Irradiance (E) . . . . . . . .Joule(J) . . . . . . . . . . .Lambertian surface . . . . . .Laser . .

16、 . . . . . . . . . . .Laser energy source . . . . . .Laser product . . . . . . . . .Laser radiation . . . . . . . .Laser systemLaser controlled area” .LightLuminous flux.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.11111133333334444455555555555555666666666666777iiiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo

17、reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ACONTENTS(Continued)PARAGRAPH PAGE3.1.283.1.293.1.303.1.313.1.323.1.333.1.343.1.353.1.363.1.373.1.383.1.393.1.403.1.413.1.423.1.433.1.443.1.453.1.463.1.473.1.483.1.493.1.503.1.513.1.523.1.533.1.543.1.553.1.563.1.573.1.584.

18、4.14.24.2.14.2.24.2.34.2.44.2.54.2.64.2.74.2.84.2.94.2.104.2.114.3Lumen (lm)Luminous transmittance - Lux(1x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .Micrometer (Pm)Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)Nanometer (rim) . . . . . . .Nominal Ocular Hazard DistanceOperation . . . . .

19、 . . . . .Optical density (OD) . . . .Optical radiation . . . . . .Pulse duration . . . . . . .Pulsed laser . . . . . . . .Radian (rad) . . . . . . . .Radiance (L)Radiant energy (Q) a71 Radiant exposure (H)Radiant intensity (I) . . , .( NOHD) .Reflectance or reflectivity (p)Repetitively pulsed laser

20、 . . .Service . . . . . . . . . . . .Specular reflection . . . . . .Steradian (sr)Support equipment. .Transmittance or transmissivity (T)a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71a15a15a15a15DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR EXEMPTED LASERSIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .General requirements

21、 . . . , . . . . .Identification label . . . . . . . .Exemption labelLocation of controls. - .Unintentional output . . . . . . . .,.a71a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a13a15a15a15.a71a15a15a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a

22、15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71Extraneous radiation and beam irregularitiesUnwanted modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Interlocks . . . . . . . .Optical ports . . . . . . . .Optical sightsAssociated hazards Laser warning labels . . . . . . . . . . .Class 1, Class 2. Class 2a, and Class 3aLaser Requiremen

23、ts . . . . . . . . . . . .,.,.,.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.,.7777777777888888888888999999999101010101010101010111111121212ivProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ACONTENTS(Continued)PAGE124.3.14.3.24.3.2.14.3.2.24.3.2.34.3.2.44.3.

24、2.54.44.4.14.4.24.4.34.4.44.4.54.4.64.4.74.4.84.4.94.4.104.4.114.4.124.4.134.4.14Design requirements . . .Labeling requirements . .a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71a15.a71a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a

25、15a15a15a15a15a15a15a13a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a13a15a15a15a15a71a15a15a15a15a11a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a

26、15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15121313Label colors . .ClassifiedClass 2a label .Class 1 label . .Alternate labelingClass 3b and ClassWarning labels .a71a15a154. . . . .,0. . . . .13131313Laser Requirements13.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15

27、a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15a15a71a15a15a15a15.*.a71a15a15a15a15a15. . . .a71a15a15a15a1516Unintentional outputLaser fire switch .Exit-port cover . .1616Remote control connector 1617BoresightEmission indicator Airborne lasers . . .Beam pointing . . . .Scanning beams . . .Training mode . . . .Very hi

28、gh power lasersDetermination of NOHDOptical sights . . .1717171717181818SUPPORTDESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSOCIATED 19191919195.5.15.25.2.15.2.25.3EQUIPMENTIntroduction . . . . . . . . . .General requirements . . . . . .Design goalAssociated haazrds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .R

29、equirements for Class 1, Class 2, Classand Class 3a Laser Support Equipment .Requirements for Class 3b and Class 4Laser Support Equipment . . . . . . .2a19. . . . .5.419191919202020. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .5.4.15.4.25.4.35.4.45.4.55.4.6Test equipmentInterlock switchWarning

30、 systemOperation switchMaster switch .Beam stops . .NOTESIntended use .a71a15a15a15a15. . . . . . . . . . . . . a71 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a15 a156.6.16.26

31、321212121. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Subject term (key word) listing . . . .Changes from previous issue . . . . . .vProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ACONTENTS(Continued)APPENDICESA.

32、A.1A.2A.2.1A.2.2A.2.3A.2.4A.3A.4A.4.lA.4.2A.4.3A.4.4A.4.5A.4.6A.4.7A.4.8A.4.9A.4.10B.B.1B.2B.2.1B.2.2B.2.3B.2.4B.3B.3.1B.3.2B.3.3B.3.4B.3.5B.3.6LASER FACILITY DESIGN .Introduction . . . .General requirementsAuxiliary equipment .Associated hazards .Personnel access . .Worksite illuminationProtective

33、devicesClass 3b and ClassWarning signInterlock switch Warning system .Operation switchMaster switch . .Test equipment .Test fixture . .Beam stops . . .Paint . . . . . .4.Laser.,.Very high power lasersLASER PROTECTIVE EYEWEARBackground . . . . .General . . . . . . .Policy . . . . . . .Factors . . . .

34、 . . .Construction . , . .Operational considerations,.a71a15a15a15a15.a71a15a15a15a15.a71a15a71a15a15a15a15a15a71a71a15a15a15a15a15a15.a71a15.Facility RequirementsEyewear selections . . .Step 1 - Determine the Laser.a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.Wavelength(s)Step 2 - Determine Maximum Irradiance (or R

35、adiantExposure)Step 3- Determine the OD Step 4 - Assess Visible Transmittance of EyewearStep 5 - Consider Laser Filter Damage Threshold .Step 6 - Consider Methods of Construction . . . .a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a71a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15a15.PAGE2222222222232323242424

36、24242424242626262727272727272727282828282830viProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ALIST OF TABLESTABLE PAGE1 Applicability of Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Minimimum Optical Densities Values for OpticalSight C

37、ategories for Magnifying Optical Sights . . . . . 113 Minimum Optical Densities Values for OpticalSight Categories for Non-magnifying Optical Sights . . . 12B-1 Simplified Method for Selecting Laser Eye Protectionfor Intrabeam Viewing for Wavelengths Between400 and 1400nm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、 . . . . . . . 29viiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425ALIST OF FIGURESFIGUREla Example of a Warning Label for a Class 2 Laser . . . . . . .lb Example of a Warning Label for Class 3a Visibleand Near Infrared LaserslC Example

39、of a Warning Label for Class 3a Infrared and .and Ultraviolet Lasers2a Examples of Warning Labels for Class 3b and Class 4.Visible and Near-Infrared Lasers2b Example of a Warning Label for Class 3b and Class 4-.Infrared and Ultraviolet LasersA-1 Examples of Warning Signs for Class 3b and Class 4 a71

40、 Laser Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PAGE141414151525viiiProvided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1425A1. SCOPE1.1 Scope. This MIL-STD defines safety design requirements for militaryequipment and associated support

41、equipment which incorporate laser systems intheir design. These requirements are the minimum requirements necessary tocontrol the hazards caused directly by laser radiation. Associated systemhazards, such as electrical shock, toxic chemicals, high pressure, etc., shouldbe controlled through the sele

42、ction of appropriate requirements in other stan-dards and specifications. All military laser development programs should includea comprehensive system safety program in accordance with Military Standard (MIL-STD) 882, System Safety Program Requirements, to identify and control all hazardsunique to t

43、he specific laser product under development.1.2 Purpose. This MIL-STD provides uniform requirements for the safedesign of military laser products. Laser products normally must comply with theRadiation Safety Performance Standards issued by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA), National Center for D

44、evices and Radiological Health (NCDRH), in Title 21,Code of Federal Regulations, Subchapter (also referred to as the FDA Standard).The FDA Commissioner has exempted military laser products from those provisionsof the FDA Standard where compliance would hinder mission fulfillment duringactual combat or combat training operations or when the laser product is classi-fied in the interest of national security (FDA Exemption No. 76 EL-01 DOD,hereafter referred to as military exemption). This standard pr