ARMY MIL-STD-1472 G-2012 HUMAN ENGINEERING.pdf

1、 METRIC MIL-STD-1472G 11 January 2012 SUPERSEDING MIL-STD-1472F 23 August 1999 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DESIGN CRITERIA STANDARD HUMAN ENGINEERING AMSC N/A AREA HFAC DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networki

2、ng permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G ii FOREWORD 1. This standard is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. 2. This standard establishes general human engineering criteria for design and development of military systems, equipment, and facili

3、ties. Human engineering is one of seven domains of Human-systems integration (as defined in the DoD 5000 series) and is synonymous with Human factors engineering. The purpose of this standard is to present human engineering design criteria, principles, and practices to be applied in the design of sy

4、stems, equipment, and facilities so as to: a. Achieve required performance by operator, control, and maintenance personnel. b. Achieve required manpower readiness for system performance. c. Achieve required reliability of personnel-equipment combinations. d. Foster design standardization within and

5、among systems. 3. This standard does not alter requirements for system development participation of human engineering specialists to interpret and implement these practices and to provide solutions to human engineering problems which arise and which are not specifically covered herein. 4. Requiremen

6、ts herein are expressed in the International System of Units (SI). As a convenience, the metric units are accompanied by their approximate customary system equivalents (in parentheses). Angular measure is expressed in degrees unless it is necessary to specify fractions of a degree where milliradians

7、 are used. 5. MIL-STD-1472 has not had a thorough technical review since the late 1980s. MIL-STD-1472D was promulgated in March 1989, and hence addressed the level of technology that existed through 1988 or possibly 1987. The “E” revision, promulgated in 1996, was mostly cosmetic; the text was chang

8、ed to a non-proportional font in order to reduce white space. The “F” revision, promulgated in 1999, consisted mainly of moving the anthropometric data from MIL-STD-1472 to MIL-HDBK-759, but little else. As a result, requirements and design criteria contained in previous versions of MIL-STD-1472 may

9、 no longer be applicable to todays technology. The operational benefits of emerging technologies may be limited due to the out-of-date design criteria. Tomorrows systems will depend on greater cognitive processing on the part of the human operator, maintainer, and support personnel. Portable or wear

10、able computers are likely to be commonplace. New display concepts such as virtual reality, haptic (touch sensing), and three-dimensional are receiving a great deal of interest, as are voice, pointing, gesture, and eye-blink control systems. Technology, if misapplied, will impose human performance re

11、quirements that cannot be satisfied. Many technologies are evolving rapidly; the human is not. The benefits of new technologies may not be realized if one fails to consider human capabilities and limitations. The changes made in the “G” revision over the previous version are substantial. The organiz

12、ational structure of the standard was revamped to group similar material in the same section of the document. Obsolete provisions (e.g., reference to dot-matrix printers) were deleted, out-of-date provisions were updated to reflect the latest research, and new provisions were added to address emergi

13、ng technologies. See 6.4 for a summary of changes to the present “G” revision. 6. Comments, suggestions, or questions on this document should be addressed to: Commander, U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command, ATTN: RDMR-SET, 5400 Fowler Road, Redstone Arsenal, AL 35898-5000 or emailed to streviewam

14、rdec.army.mil. Since contact information can change, you may want to verify the currency of this address information using the ASSIST Online database at https:/assist.daps.dla.mil. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G iii CON

15、TENTS PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 1. SCOPE . 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.2 Purpose. . 1 1.3 Application. 1 1.4 Manufacturing tolerances. 1 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 1 2.1 General. 1 2.2 Government documents. 1 2.2.1 Specifications, standards, and handbooks. . 1 2.2.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and publication

16、s. 2 2.3 Non-Government publications. 3 2.4 Order of precedence. 5 3. DEFINITIONS. 6 3.1 Acronyms used in this standard. 6 3.2 Abbreviations used in this standard. 7 3.3 Definitions used in this standard. . 8 3.3.1 Alarm. 8 3.3.2 Alert. 8 3.3.3 Boot (accelerator operation). 8 3.3.4 Boot (brake opera

17、tion). 9 3.3.5 Central 90 percent accommodation. . 9 3.3.6 Contrast ratio (CR). 9 3.3.7 Deuteranope. 9 3.3.8 Display frame. 9 3.3.9 Egocentric perspective. 9 3.3.10 Elbow (dynamic). . 9 3.3.11 Elbow (static). 9 3.3.12 Field of regard. . 9 3.3.13 Field of view. . 9 3.3.14 Font size to character heigh

18、t. . 9 3.3.15 Fuse. . 9 3.3.16 Fuze 9 3.3.17 Knee width (minimum). . 9 3.3.18 Knee width (optimum). 9 3.3.19 Level of automation. 9 3.3.20 Luminance contrast. . 10 3.3.21 Occlusion. 10 3.3.22 Pedals (minimum). . 10 3.3.23 Protanope. 10 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS . 10 4.1 Design objectives. 10 4.1.1 Wor

19、k environment. 10 4.1.2 Performance degradation. 10 4.1.3 User capabilities. 10 4.1.4 Task performance. . 10 4.1.5 Personnel, training, and skill requirements. . 10 4.1.6 System manpower. . 10 4.2 Standardization. . 10 4.3 Off-the-shelf equipment. 10 4.3.1 Selection. . 10 4.3.2 Modification. 10 4.3.

20、3 Redesign approval. . 10 4.4 Human engineering design. . 10 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G iv PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 4.4.1 Compliance. . 10 4.4.2 Program requirements. . 10 4.4.3 Application. 11 4.4.4 Accommodation. 11 4

21、.4.5 Human engineering requirements. . 11 4.4.6 Human engineering activities. 11 4.4.7 Design factors. . 11 4.5 Fail-safe design. . 12 4.6 Simplicity of design. 12 4.6.1 Equipment simplicity. 12 4.6.2 Training. . 12 4.7 Interaction. . 12 4.8 Safety. 12 4.8.1 System and personnel safety factors. . 12

22、 4.8.2 Design of nonmilitary-unique workplaces and equipment. 12 4.9 Ruggedness. . 12 4.10 Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high-yield explosive (CBRNE) survivability. . 12 4.10.1 CBRNE compatibility. . 12 4.10.2 Performance of mission-essential operations. 12 4.10.3 Susceptibility t

23、o reduction of inherent CBRNE hardness. . 12 4.10.3.1 CBRNE hardness verification. . 12 4.10.3.2 CBRNE hardness and maintenance. 12 4.10.4 CBRNE hardness and maintenance personnel expertise. . 12 4.11 Electromagnetic pulse hardening. 12 4.11.1 Electromagnetic pulse hardening requirements. 12 4.11.2

24、Access to EMP-hardened facilities. . 12 4.11.3 Electromagnetic barrier accessibility. 12 4.12 Automation. . 13 4.12.1 Automation of functions. . 13 4.12.2 Human involvement. 13 4.12.3 Automated function characteristics. . 13 4.12.4 Indication of operating mode. 13 4.13 Functional use of color. 13 4.

25、14 Design of aircrew systems. 13 4.15 System integration. 13 4.16 Recycled, recovered, or environmentally preferable materials. . 13 5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS 13 5.1 Controls. . 13 5.1.1 General criteria. . 13 5.1.1.1 Selection. . 13 5.1.1.2 Direction of movement. . 17 5.1.1.3 Grouping and arrangemen

26、t. . 18 5.1.1.4 Coding. . 19 5.1.1.5 Labeling of controls. 21 5.1.1.6 Compatibility with handwear. 21 5.1.1.7 Blind operation. . 21 5.1.1.8 Prevention of accidental actuation. 21 5.1.1.9 Feedback. . 22 5.1.1.10 Hazardous operations. 23 5.1.2 Control/display integration. . 23 5.1.2.1 General criteria

27、. . 23 5.1.2.2 Position relationships. 25 5.1.2.3 Movement relationships. 27 5.1.2.4 Control/display movement ratio. 28 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G v PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 5.1.2.5 Signal precedence. . 29 5.1.3 Compute

28、r controls. . 29 5.1.3.1 Touch-screen controls for displays. . 29 5.1.3.2 Keyboards. . 32 5.1.3.3 Mouse/trackballs/joysticks. 34 5.1.3.4 Data entry. 41 5.1.3.5 Interactive control. . 43 5.1.4 Mechanical controls. 48 5.1.4.1 Rotary controls. 48 5.1.4.2 Linear controls. 61 5.1.4.3 High-force controls.

29、 . 80 5.1.4.4 J-Handles. 81 5.1.5 Miniature controls. . 81 5.1.5.1 Use. 81 5.1.5.2 Dimensions, resistance, displacement, and separation. 81 5.1.5.3 Other requirements. 81 5.1.6 Eye- and head-based controls. . 81 5.1.6.1 Use. 82 5.1.6.2 Vibration. . 82 5.1.6.3 Precision. . 82 5.1.6.4 Dwell times. . 8

30、2 5.1.6.5 Response time. . 82 5.2 Visual displays. 82 5.2.1 Installation of visual displays. 82 5.2.1.1 General. 82 5.2.1.2 Display location and arrangement. . 82 5.2.1.3 Luminance considerations for visual displays. 82 5.2.1.4 Display illumination and light distribution. . 84 5.2.1.5 Contrast of di

31、splays. 85 5.2.1.6 Displays for night operations. 85 5.2.2 Displays content. . 85 5.2.2.1 General. 86 5.2.2.2 Information architecture. 86 5.2.2.3 Coding. . 90 5.2.2.4 Text presentation. . 95 5.2.2.5 Graphic and representational displays. 98 5.2.2.6 Dynamic displays. 105 5.2.2.7 Help 106 5.2.2.8 Pri

32、nting display. . 106 5.2.2.9 Data and message transmission 107 5.2.3 Displays hardware. 108 5.2.3.1 Electronic displays. 108 5.2.3.2 Large-screen displays. 108 5.2.3.3 Small-screen displays. 110 5.2.3.4 Handheld displays. . 111 5.2.3.5 Three-dimensional (3-D) displays. 111 5.2.3.6 Head-up displays (

33、HUDs). . 112 5.2.3.7 Helmet-mounted displays (HMDs). . 113 5.2.3.8 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs). . 114 5.2.3.9 Plasma displays. . 114 5.2.3.10 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs). . 114 5.2.3.11 Other displays (CRTs, electroluminescent displays, others). . 114 5.2.3.12 Dot-matrix/segmented displays. . 11

34、4 5.2.3.13 Transilluminated displays. . 115 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G vi PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 5.2.3.14 Legend lights 116 5.2.3.15 Simple indicator lights. 117 5.2.3.16 Transilluminated panel assemblies. . 118 5.3 S

35、peech and audio systems. . 118 5.3.1 Audio displays. 118 5.3.1.1 General. 119 5.3.1.2 Audio signals. 121 5.3.1.3 Characteristics of audio warning signals 122 5.3.1.4 Signal characteristics in relation to operational conditions and objectives. . 123 5.3.1.5 Verbal warning signals. . 124 5.3.1.6 Speec

36、h-transmission equipment. 126 5.3.1.7 Audio displays as part of the user interface. 128 5.3.1.8 Speech displays. . 128 5.3.2 Speech recognition. 131 5.3.2.1 Use. 131 5.3.2.2 Nonuse. 131 5.3.2.3 General. 131 5.3.2.4 Input vocabulary. . 131 5.3.2.5 Interword delays. . 131 5.3.2.6 Prompting. . 131 5.3.

37、2.7 Correction capability. . 132 5.3.3 Alternative input device. 132 5.4 Labeling. 132 5.4.1 General. 132 5.4.1.1 Use of labels. 132 5.4.1.2 Label characteristics. 132 5.4.2 Orientation. 132 5.4.3 Location. 132 5.4.3.1 Proximity. 133 5.4.3.2 Obscuration. . 133 5.4.3.3 Moveable controls. . 133 5.4.3.

38、4 Adjacent label. . 133 5.4.3.5 Placement. 133 5.4.3.6 Redundant labeling. . 133 5.4.3.7 Standardization. . 133 5.4.3.8 Overhead items. . 133 5.4.4 Contents. 133 5.4.4.1 Equipment functions. . 133 5.4.4.2 Abbreviations. 133 5.4.4.3 Irrelevant information. . 133 5.4.5 Readability qualities. 133 5.4.5

39、.1 Brevity. 133 5.4.5.2 Familiarity. . 133 5.4.5.3 Comprehension. . 133 5.4.5.4 Consistency. . 134 5.4.5.5 Visibility and legibility. . 134 5.4.5.6 Access. . 134 5.4.5.7 Cables. . 134 5.4.5.8 Label mounting. . 134 5.4.5.9 Label surface. . 134 5.4.5.10 Label contrast. 134 5.4.5.11 Label background. .

40、 134 5.4.6 Design of label characters. . 135 5.4.6.1 Black characters. 135 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G vii PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 5.4.6.2 Dark adaptation. . 135 5.4.6.3 Character font and style. 135 5.4.6.4 Pictorials

41、and symbols. 136 5.4.6.5 Borders. 136 5.4.6.6 Use of color. . 136 5.4.7 Equipment labeling. . 136 5.4.7.1 Units, assemblies, subassemblies, and parts. . 136 5.4.7.2 Controls and displays. 138 5.4.8 Labeling for identification. 138 5.4.8.1 Assemblies. 138 5.4.8.2 Characteristics. . 138 5.4.8.3 Instru

42、ction plate. 139 5.4.8.4 Lift points. 139 5.4.8.5 Caution and warning labels for safety and hazards. . 139 5.5 Environment. 139 5.5.1 Environmental range. . 139 5.5.1.1 Specification of environmental conditions. 139 5.5.1.2 Variation of performance standards across environmental conditions. 139 5.5.

43、1.3 Sustained operations across all environmental conditions. 139 5.5.1.4 Mitigation of adverse effects of environmental conditions. . 139 5.5.1.5 Government approval of mitigating actions. 139 5.5.2 General workplace considerations. 139 5.5.2.1 Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning. . 139 5.5.

44、2.2 Climate and other outdoor environmental considerations. . 142 5.5.3 Illuminance. . 144 5.5.3.1 Workspace lighting. . 144 5.5.3.2 Contrast ratios. . 148 5.5.3.3 Glare. . 149 5.5.3.4 Reflected. . 149 5.5.4 Acoustical energy and noise. . 151 5.5.4.1 General. 151 5.5.4.2 Equipment and system design.

45、 . 151 5.5.4.3 Total system compliance. . 151 5.5.4.4 Hazardous noise. 151 5.5.4.5 Nonhazardous noise. 153 5.5.4.6 Facility design. . 155 5.5.5 Vibration and shock. 156 5.5.5.1 Vehicular whole-body vibration. . 156 5.5.5.2 Building vibration. . 160 5.5.5.3 Equipment vibration. 160 5.5.5.4 Hand-arm (

46、segmental) vibration. . 160 5.5.6 Stealth and covert operations. 161 5.5.7 G-loading. 161 5.5.7.1 Terminology. 161 5.5.7.2 G-loading description. 161 5.6 Ground vehicles. 162 5.6.1 General. 162 5.6.2 Vehicle seating. 162 5.6.2.1 Dimensions and clearances. . 162 5.6.2.2 Vertical adjustment. . 162 5.6

47、.2.3 Horizontal adjustment. . 162 5.6.2.4 Back-rest angle. . 165 5.6.2.5 Seat padding. 165 5.6.2.6 Safety restraints. . 165 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-STD-1472G viii PARAGRAPH TITLE PAGE 5.6.2.7 Head restraints. 165 5.6.3 Veh

48、icle controls. 166 5.6.3.1 Dynamic effects. 166 5.6.3.2 Steering. . 166 5.6.3.3 Pedals. 166 5.6.3.4 Control of hazardous operations. . 166 5.6.4 Vehicle operating instructions. 166 5.6.4.1 Provision of operating instruction. . 166 5.6.4.2 Format. . 166 5.6.4.3 Speed notice. 166 5.6.4.4 Shift handle

49、positions. 166 5.6.4.5 Control movements. . 166 5.6.4.6 General labeling criteria. 166 5.6.5 Vehicle visibility. . 166 5.6.5.1 Lateral visual field. 166 5.6.5.2 Ground view. . 166 5.6.5.3 Rear view and mirrors. . 166 5.6.5.4 Glare. . 167 5.6.5.5 Windshields and windows. 167 5.6.5.6 Windshield wipers and washers. 167 5.6.5.7 Lighting systems. . 167 5.6.5.8 Night operation. . 168 5.6.5.9