ASHRAE 34-2016 Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants.pdf

1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013)Includes ANSI/ASHRAE addenda listed in Appendix HDesignation andSafety Classification ofRefrigerantsSee Appendix H for approval dates by the ASHRAE Standards Committee, the ASHRAE Board of Directors, and the Amer-ican National Stan

2、dards Institute.This Standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the StandardsCommittee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures fortimely, documented, consensus action on request

3、s for change to any part of the Standard. The change submittal form,instructions, and deadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paperform from the Senior Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased from theASHRAE w

4、ebsite (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (fororders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions

5、. 2016 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus Standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. Consensus is definedby the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this Standard a

6、s an ANS, as“substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority,but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their res

7、olution.”Compliance with this Standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation. ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by

8、 a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort

9、 is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees. The Senior Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard

10、, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or per

11、formance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and

12、Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide th

13、e industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product

14、has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 34Cognizant TC: 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary CoolantsSPLS Liaison: Mark P. ModeraStaff Liaison: Brian CoxDebra H. Kennoy*, Chair Scott MacLeod* Marc Scancarello*Sean Cunningham*, Vice-Chair Julie Majurin Christopher Seeton*Gar

15、y W. Jepson* Sandra R. Murphy Jian Sun-BlanksJay A. Kohler* Jack M. OLeary Ganesan “Sonny” Sundaresan*Tatsuro Kobayashi Chun-Cheng Piao* Kenji Takizawa*William Kopko Robert Richard Samuel F. Yana-Motta*Stephen Kujak* David L. Rule Jing ZhengAndrew Kusmierz George M. Rusch Helen DavisThomas J. Leck J

16、ohn Senediak* Denotes members of voting status at the time of publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20162017Rita M. Harrold, Chair Michael W. Gallagher Cyrus H. NasseriSteven J. Emmerich, Vice-Chair Walter T. Grondzik David RobinJames D. Aswegan Vinod P. Gupta Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Susanna S.

17、 Hanson Dennis A. StankeDonald M. Brundage Roger L. Hedrick Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Drury B. Crawley Rick M. Heiden Jack H. ZarourJohn F. Dunlap, Srinivas Katipamula William F. Walter, BOD ExOJames W. Earley, Jr. Cesar L. Lim Patricia Graef, COKeith I. Emerson Arsen K. MelikovJulie M. Ferguson R. L

18、ee Millies, Jr.Stephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of StandardsCONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016,Designation and Safety Classification of RefrigerantsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions of Terms 24 Numbering of Refrigerants55 Designation .146 Safety Group Classifications.157

19、 Refrigerant Concentration Limit (RCL)188 Refrigerant Classifications 199 Application Instructions .1910 References22Informative Appendix A: Isomer Designation Examples .24Normative Appendix B: Details of TestingFlammability.26Informative Appendix C: Bibliography .29Informative Appendix D: Refrigera

20、nt Data.30Informative Appendix E: Toxicity and Flammability Data for Single-Compound Refrigerants.36Informative Appendix F: Example Calculations for Heats of Combustion.39Informative Appendix G: Calculation of RCL and ATEL for Blends.40Informative Appendix H: Addenda Description Information.41NOTEAp

21、provedaddenda,errata,orinterpretationsforthisstandardcanbedownloadedfreeofchargefromtheASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2016 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

22、 and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not b

23、een pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016, Designa

24、tion and SafetyClassification of Refrigerants, is the latest edition ofStandard 34, which describes a shorthand way of namingrefrigerants and assigns safety classifications and refrigerantconcentration limits based on toxicity and flammability data.The 2016 edition combines Standard 34-2013 and the

25、35approved and published addenda to the 2010 edition. Morespecific information on the content of each addendum and itsapproval date is included in Informative Appendix H of thisstandard.First published in 1957, Standard 34 is now updated on aregular basis using ASHRAEs continuous maintenance pro-ced

26、ures. According to these procedures, Standard 34 is con-tinuously revisedoften several times a yearby addendathat are publicly reviewed, approved by ASHRAE and ANSI,and published on the ASHRAE website. Because the standardchanges as new addenda are published, users are encouragedto sign up for the f

27、ree Internet listserve for the ASHRAE Stan-dards Actions publication, which provides notice of all publicreviews and approved and published addenda and errata. Atthe minimum, users should periodically review the ASHRAEwebsite to ensure they have all of the published addenda.Application guidance for

28、designation, flammability, andtoxicity is available at http:/sspc34.ashraepcs.org.Among key changes included in the 2016 edition are thefollowing: Added twenty-seven refrigerants to Table 4-2 and three toTable 4-1. Changed the source of the WEEL (Workplace Environ-mental Exposure Levels) values from

29、 AIHA (AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association) to TERA OARS-WEEL(Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment/Occupa-tional Alliance for Risk Science). Changed the refrigerant application process to the sub-mission of a PDF or word-searchable electronic file withpaper copies of the application only, as

30、 requested bySSPC 34 committee members. Changed the requirement for submission of standard testresult data to validate the method used to determine burn-ing velocity from both R-32 (6.7 0.7 cm/sec) and R-152a (23.0 2.3 cm/sec) to only require R-32 data if theapplication refrigerant reported value is

31、 less than orequal to 6.7 cm/sec. If the application refrigerant reportedburning velocity value is greater than 6.7 cm/sec, thenboth R-32 and R-152a result data shall be reported. Changed units required for refrigerant designation datafrom either SI units or dual units (SI and I-P) to requirethe sub

32、mission of dual units. Revised R-744 toxicity data for the RCL (from 40,000ppm v/v to 30,000 ppm v/v, 4.5 lb/Mcf to 3.4 lb/Mcf, and72 g/m3to 54 g/m3), LC 50(from s to 159,000 ppm), car-diac sensitization NOEL (from p to 30,000), anesthesiaNOEL (from ND to 50,000), ATEL (from 40,000 to30,000), RCL (f

33、rom 40,000 to 30,000), and ATEL source(from NIOSH IDLH to 100% cardiac NOEL).Users of the standard are encouraged and invited to usethe continuous maintenance procedure to suggest changes forfurther improvements. A form for submitting proposedchanges to the standard is included at the back of this e

34、dition.The project committee for Standard 34 will take formal actionon all proposals received.1. PURPOSEThis standard is intended to establish a simple means of refer-ring to common refrigerants instead of using the chemicalname, formula, or trade name. It establishes a uniform systemfor assigning r

35、eference numbers, safety classifications, andrefrigerant concentration limits to refrigerants. The standardalso identifies requirements to apply for designations andsafety classifications for refrigerants and to determine refrig-erant concentration limits.2. SCOPEThis standard provides an unambiguou

36、s system for number-ing refrigerants and assigning composition designating pre-fixes for refrigerants. Safety classifications based on toxicityand flammability data are included along with refrigerantconcentration limits for the refrigerants. This standard does not imply endorsement or concur-rence

37、that individual refrigerant blends are suitable for anyparticular application.3. DEFINITIONS OF TERMSacute toxicity: the adverse health effects from a single, short-term exposure, as might occur during an accidental release ofrefrigerants.acute toxicity exposure limit (ATEL): the refrigerant concen-

38、tration limit determined in accordance with this standard andintended to reduce the risks of acute toxicity hazards in nor-mally occupied, enclosed spaces. ATEL values are similar tothe Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concen-trations set by the National Institute of Occupational Safet

39、yand Health (NIOSH). ATELs include explicit, additionalcomponents for cardiac sensitization and anesthetic effects,but they do not address flammability. The lowest of theATEL, 50,000 ppm by volume, or 10% of the lower flamma-bility limit, therefore provides a conservative approximationto IDLH concen

40、trations when needed for refrigerants withoutadopted IDLH values.approximate lethal concentration (ALC): the concentrationof a substance, a refrigerant in this standard, that was lethal toANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2016 3even a single test animal when tested by the same conditionsas for an LC50test.ane

41、sthetic effect: loss of the ability to perceive pain and othersensory stimulation.azeotropic: an azeotropic blend is one containing two or morerefrigerants whose equilibrium vapor and liquid-phase com-positions are the same at a given pressure. At this pressure,the slope of the temperature-versus-co

42、mposition curve equalszero, which mathematically is expressed as (dt /dx)p = 0,which in turn implies the occurrence of a maximum, mini-mum, or saddle-point temperature. Azeotropic blends exhibitsome segregation of components at other conditions. Theextent of the segregation depends on the particular

43、 azeotropeand the application.azeotropic temperature: the temperature at which the liquidand vapor phases of a blend have the same mole fraction ofeach component at equilibrium for a specified pressure.blend: a refrigerant consisting of a mixture of two or moredifferent chemical compounds, often use

44、d individually asrefrigerants for other applications.bubble point: the liquid saturation temperature of a refriger-ant at the specified pressure; the temperature at which a liquidrefrigerant first begins to boil. The bubble point of a zeotropicrefrigerant blend, at constant pressure, is lower than t

45、he dewpoint.burning velocity (Su ): the maximum velocity (in./s cm/s) atwhich a laminar flame propagates in a normal direction rela-tive to the unburned gas ahead of it.cardiac sensitization: an acute effect in which the heart isrendered more sensitive to the bodys own catecholaminecompounds or admi

46、nistered drugs, such as epinephrine, pos-sibly resulting in irregular heart beat (cardiac arrhythmia),which could be fatal.ceiling: an exposure level, permissible exposure level-ceiling(PEL-C), or threshold limit value-ceiling (TLV-C), thatshould not be exceeded during any part of the day.central ne

47、rvous system (CNS) effect: treatment-relateddepression, distraction, stimulation, or other behavioral modi-fication suggesting temporary or permanent changes to con-trol by the brain.chronic toxicity: adverse health effects from long-term,repeated exposures. This information is used, in part, to est

48、ab-lish TLV-TWA, PEL, or consistent indices. committee: as used in this standard, committee refers toASHRAE Standing Standards Project Committee (SSPC) pounds: substances formed by the chemical combinationof two or more elements in definite proportions by mass.critical point: the location on a plot

49、of thermodynamic prop-erties at which the liquid and vapor states of a substance meetand become indistinguishable. The temperature, density, andcomposition of the substance are the same for the liquid andvapor phases at this point. The density, pressure, specific vol-ume, and temperature at the critical point are referred to as thecritical density, critical pressure, critical volume, and criticaltemperature, respectively.cyclic compound: an organic compound that contains three ormore atoms arranged in a ring structure.dew point: the vapor saturatio