ASHRAE 41 1-2013 Standard Method for Temperature Measurement.pdf

1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-2013(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-1986 RA 2006)Standard Method forTemperatureMeasurementApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 26, 2013; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on January 29, 2013;and by the American National Standards Institute on January 3

2、0, 2013.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tu

3、llie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2013 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336 ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For persona

4、l use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus i

5、s defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not n

6、ecessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through pa

7、rticipation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committ

8、ee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this St

9、andard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of availa

10、ble information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or

11、Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing eq

12、uipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guid

13、eline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 41Cognizant TC: TC 1.2, Instruments and MeasurementsSPLS Liaison: Douglass S AbramsonMark Kedzierski, Chair*

14、Alexander Leyderman*Richard L. Hall, Vice Chair* John Scott*Patrick E. Collins, 41.1 Subcommittee Chair* James SchaeferShane J. Angle* Michael E. Shows*B. Terry Beck* Frank J. Spevak*Len Domiano Curt SlaytonJames L. Douglas* Charles C. Wright*Denotes members of voting status when the document was ap

15、proved for publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20122013Kenneth W. Cooper, Chair Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonWilliam F. Walter, Vice-Chair Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywacz Ira G. PostonKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall Douglas T. ReindlCharles S. Barnaby Rit

16、a M. Harrold James R. TaubyHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Adam W. Hinge James K. VallortSteven F. Bruning Debra H. Kennoy Craig P. WrayDavid R. Conover Jay A. Kohler Charles H. Culp, III, BOD ExOSteven J. Emmerich Rick A. Larson Constantinos A. Balaras, COMark P. ModeraStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standar

17、ds ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-2013, Standard Method for Temperature MeasurementSECTION PAGEForeword.

18、 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Classifications. 35 Requirements . 36 Instruments. 57 Temperature Test Methods (Informative) . 68 Uncertainty Analysis. 99 Test Report. 910 References. 9Informative Annex ABibliography 9Informative Annex BExample of an Uncertainty Estimate for aTemperature M

19、easurement with an RTD 10Informative Annex CExample of an Uncertainty Estimate for aTemperature Measurement with a Thermocouple 11NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2013 ASHRAE1791

20、 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For pers

21、onal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-2013(This foreword is not a part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements nec

22、essaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and contains material that has not been subjectto public review or a consensus process. Unresolvedobjectors on informative material are not offered theright to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)F

23、OREWORDThis version represents a significant update compared tothe previous version that was published in 1986 and reaf-firmed in 2006. A change to this standard results from thecompletion of ASHRAE research project 1460-RP, “DesignSpecifications for Wet-Bulb Aspirator Apparatus.” The aspi-rated wet

24、-bulb psychrometer descriptions are no longerincluded in this standard but will be included in the next pub-lished version of Standard 41.6.The following changes were made for the 2013 revision: Methods for noncontact temperature measurement,additional information for thermistor-type devices,descrip

25、tions for thermopiles, and sample tree deviceswere updated.Uncertainty analysis for temperature measurements wasincluded.The standard has been arranged to be consistent withrecently published 41-series standards, which include aClassifications section and updated definitions and ref-erences.This sta

26、ndard has been revised to comply withASHRAEs mandatory language and SI (I-P) formatrequirements.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to prescribe methods formeasuring temperature.2. SCOPEThe temperature measurement methods described hereinare intended for use in testing heating, refrigerating,

27、and air-conditioning equipment and components.3. DEFINITIONSaccuracy: the ability of an instrument to indicate or record thetrue value of a measured quantity. The error of indication,which is the difference between the indicated value and thetrue value of the measured quantity, expresses the accurac

28、y ofan instrument.error: the difference between the true value of the quantitymeasured and the observed value. All errors in experimentaldata are classified as one of two types: systematic (fixed)errors or random (precision) errors. The terms accuracy andprecision are often used to distinguish betwe

29、en systematic andrandom errors. A measurement with small systematic errors issaid to be unbiased. A measurement with small random errorsis said to have high precision. A measurement that is unbiasedand precise is said to be accurate.fixed error: same as systematic error.precision: closeness of agree

30、ment among repeated measure-ments of the same physical quantity by the same method underthe same conditions and with the same instrument.precision error: same as random error.random error: an error which causes readings to take randomvalues on either side of a mean value. A random error is quan-tifi

31、ed based on how well an instrument reproduces subsequentreadings for an unchanging input. Random errors cannot becorrected through calibration.sensitivity: the relationship between an observed change in theposition of an instrument pen, pointer, or indicator and themagnitude of change in the measure

32、d quantity required toproduce that reaction of the indicator. It is expressed as anumerical ratio if the units of measurement of the two quan-tities are stated. An increase in sensitivity means a correspond-ing increase in the ability of an instrument to react to extremelysmall changes in the measur

33、ed quantity.steady-state conditions: an operating state of a system, includ-ing its surroundings, in which the extent of change over timeof all the significant parameters is so small as to have no effecton the performance being observed or measured. (Compare totransient condition.)systematic error:

34、an error that persists and is not due entirelyto chance. Systematic error is corrected through calibration.temperature, adiabatic saturation: the temperature at whichliquid or solid water, by evaporating into air, brings the air tosaturation adiabatically (i.e., without heat transfer).temperature, d

35、ry-bulb: the temperature of a gas or mixture ofgases indicated by an accurate thermometer after correctionfor radiation.temperature, wet-bulb: the temperature indicated by a wet-bulb psychrometer constructed and used according to specifi-cations.transducer: a device that changes one form of physical

36、 quan-tity into another. In the measurement field, transducers areused to sense a variety of measurands, such as line voltage,current, power, pressure, and temperature, and to convert theseto a common output signal for use with a controlling or record-ing instrument.transient condition: the state in

37、 which the system undergoesa change in operation, such as thermostat cycling or actuationof a defrost control. (Compare to steady-state condition.)uncertainty: an estimated value for the bound on the error ina measurement resulting from both systematic and randomerror. Because only random errors are

38、 treated by statisticalmethods, and only systematic errors are corrected throughcalibration, uncertainty computed using this standard resultfrom random errors. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is no

39、t permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.1-2013 34. CLASSIFICATIONS4.1 Temperature measurements shall be made with aninstrument or instrument system, including read-out devices,meeting the accuracy and precision requirements in the testplan. Temperature-sensing me

40、thods that are within the scopeof this standard include, but are not limited to, the methodslisted below, which are briefly described in Section 7:a. Liquid-in-glass thermometersb. Thermocouplesc. Resistance temperature devices (RTDs)d. Thermistorse. Infrared pyrometers4.2 The response time for liqu

41、id-in-glass thermometers istoo long to be used in transient testing.4.3 In no case shall the smallest scale division of the instru-ment exceed twice the specified precision. For example, if thespecified precision is 0.05C (0.10F), the smallest scaledivision shall not exceed 0.10C (0.20F).4.4 Where a

42、ccuracy better than 0.30C (0.50F) is spec-ified, the instrument shall be calibrated by comparison with aNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) cali-brated primary or secondary (transfer) standard or shall itselfbe similarly calibrated. The indicated corrections shall beapplied to obta

43、in the required accuracy. In this range of accu-racy, platinum resistance thermometers or individually cali-brated thermocouples or thermistors shall be used.4.5 Whenever two temperature-measuring instruments areused to measure a temperature difference of less than 5C(9F), the investigator shall rec

44、ognize the effect of individualinstrument accuracies on the accuracy of the calculated tem-perature difference.5. REQUIREMENTS5.1 Test Plan. A test plan is a document or other form ofcommunication that specifies the tests to be performed andthe required measurement accuracy for each test. Sources of

45、the test plan include, but are not limited to, (a) the person orthe organization that authorized the tests to be performed,(b) a method-of-test standard, (c) a rating standard, or (d) aregulation or code.5.2 Values to be Determined5.2.1 Temperature, C (F) 5.2.2 The uncertainty in each temperature me

46、asurement,C (F), shall be estimated using the methods in Section 8.5.3 Airstream Temperature Measurements5.3.1 Determination of Average Temperatures. The fol-lowing precautions shall be taken when measuring the aver-age temperature of an airstream:a. Nonuniformity of temperature across the airstream

47、.b. Nonuniformity of air velocity.c. Thermal radiation to or from the instrument sensing ele-ments if exposed to surrounding surfaces at tempera-tures other than that of the surrounding air.d. Heat conduction through stem or lead wires to or froman instrument sensing element if the stem or lead wire

48、sare exposed to temperatures other than that of the sens-ing element.e. Nonuniformity of the humidity ratio of the air in theevent humidification or dehumidification is takingplace.f. (Informative) For the special requirements of obtainingwet-bulb temperature measurements, see ASHRAEStandard 41.6.15

49、.3.2 Nonuniformity in Temperature, Humidity, andVelocity. Nonuniformity in temperature, humidity, andvelocity are minimized by mixing and sampling devices.Typical mixing and sampling devices are illustrated in Fig-ures 1 and 2. Round or rectangular mixers shall be used con-sisting of louvers or deflection plates that produce acombination of shearing action and relative displacement onadjacent areas of airflow. Figure 1 Mixing device.Figure 2 Sampling device. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distributi