1、AECMA STANDARD NORME AECMA AECMA NORM - Edition approved for publication 28June2002 prEN 4408-5 Edition P I June 2002 - Comments should be sent within six months after the date of publication to Gulledelle 94 Procedure and Process Domain AECMA-STAN 6-1200 BRUXELLES PUBLISHED BY THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIAT
2、ION OF AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES - STANDARDIZATION AQlDsTam Gulledelle 94 - B-1200 Brussels -Tel. + 32 2 775 81 10 - Fax. + 32 2 775 81 11 - www.aecma-stan.org ENGLISH VERSION Aerospace series Techn ical drawings Representation of parts made of composite materials Part 5: Seams Srie arospatiale Dessins t
3、echniques Reprsentation des articles en matriaux composites Partie 5: Coutures Luft- und Raumfahrt Tech n isc h e Zeic h n u ng en Darstellung von Teilen aus Verbundwerkstoffen Teil 5: Nhte This “Aerospace Series“ Prestandard has been drawn up under the responsibility of AECMA-STAN (The European Ass
4、ociation of Aerospace Industries - Standardization). It is published on green paper for the needs of the European Aerospace Industry. It has been technically approved by the experts of the concerned Domain following member comments. Subsequent to the publication of this Prestandard, the technical co
5、ntent shall not be changed to an extent that interchangeability is affected, physically or functionally, without re-identification of the standard. After examination and review by users and formal agreement of AECMA-STAN it will be submitted as a draft European Standard to CEN (European Committee fo
6、r Standardization) for formal vote, Nota - Extra copies can be supplied by B.N.A.E. - Technopolis 54 - 199, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau - 92138 ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX CEDEX Page 2 prEN 4408-5: 2002 Foreword This standard has been prepared by former AECMA-CN CO and was reviewed by the Domain Technical Coo
7、rdinator of AECMA-STANS Process Domain . Contents O 1 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Annex A Annex B Introduction . Scope . Normative references Terms and definitions . Seams made by fibre grafting . Design parameters . . Representation in the graft table Representation on the image . . . Sewn
8、seam Design parameters Representation symbols in the se Representation on the image Recommended stitches (informative) Examples of stitches . (informative) Bibliography . . Page 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 12 Page 3 prEN 4408-5: 2002 O Introduction This document makes reference to textile standards
9、which quote two types of seams, these being: - assembly seam; - reinforcing seam. The assembly seam undergoes a mechanical effort which is not the case of the holding seam. This distinction may appear necessary in the case of dry fabrics, whereas in aerospace applications there is a systematic curin
10、g or densification, therefore it would appear difficult to distinguish them as far as the ready- for-use product is concerned. The technical definition of seams is required for reinforcing seams. 1 Scope This standard specifies the representation of seams of composite materials as well as the inform
11、ation to be indicated in technical drawings. It is applicable to aerospace structures using items linked by seams in dry fabrics, prepregs, film, etc. It shall be used together with EN 4408-1. 2 Norm at ive refe re nce s This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions f
12、rom other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amend
13、ment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 4408-1 Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation of parts made of composite materials - Part I : General rules 1) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard the terms an
14、d definitions given in EN 4408-1 and the followings apply 3.1 assembly seam (retention) it cannot endure any notable effort in using the item 3.2 fibre grafting action of changing the direction of fibres in an element with or without penetration in another element 3.3 lacing liaison obtained by a co
15、ntinuous link passed through previously perforated holes 1) Published as AECMA Prestandard at the date of publication of this standard Page 4 prEN 4408-5: 2002 3.4 needling consolidation of a fibre lap by entanglement using numerous penetrations of spring needles Needling is a means of fibre graftin
16、g (see figure 1). Key 1 Superposed fibre lap 2 Spring needles 3 Entangled fibres 4 Support fabric 5 Fibres pulled through when needling Figure 1 3.5 Percentage of grafted fibres Quantity of fibres grafted compared to the total quantity of fibres in a basic element, which implies a homogeneous distri
17、bution of grafting points in the area in question. 3.6 reinforcing seam it endures an important part of the effort imposed on the item 3.7 seam application of a series of stitches or types of stitches to one or several thicknesses of material 3.0 securing the start and end of a seam the two techniqu
18、es the most commonly used are the multiple passage with reverse and forward stitches and the stitch secured by knotting 3.9 stitch structural unity resulting from one or several strands of yarn or yarn loops twisted together, entwined or passed in or through a material A stitch may be formed: - with
19、out any additional material; - in the material; - through the material; - on the material. Page 5 prEN 4408-5: 2002 Thickness to be linked Direction and end of graft 4 Seams made by fibre grafting - (line) F (arrow) 4.1 Design parameters The design parameters to be taken into account in the case of
20、fibre grafting are as follows: - start of grafting; - thickness of layers to be linked; - end of graft; - percentage of fibres to be grafted (it is difficult to measure the percentage of grafted fibres) or other criteria to provide for a definition of the characteristics to be obtained. 4.2 In as mu
21、ch as the drawing allows, the graft table shall be associated with the lay-up table. The symbols to be used are defined in table 1. Representation in the graft table Table 1 Design parameters I Drawingsymbol I Start of graft point Percentage of fibres to be grafted or other criteria allowing a defin
22、ition of the characteristics to be obtained NOTE (see table 2) Page 6 prEN 4408-5: 2002 GRAFT I SEAM AREA 4.3 Representation on the image See figure 2 and figure 3. Section F-F L2 L1 AI F t GRAFT I SEAM TABLE Figure 2 Dimensions in millimetres STRATIFICATION TABLE 136 131 - 126 121 - 116 111 - 106 1
23、01 - WARP O“ NOTE 1 passed through by the seam (do not trust the number of plies passed through). Example: in graft area L2, grafting takes place: In the graft table, the start or finish of arrows means a complete layer or set of complete layers - from layer 106 to layer 101 (inclusive); - from laye
24、r 101 to layer 11 I (inclusive). NOTE 2 The rules for identifying graf or fibre seam areas “Y are identical to those for lamination areas “A (EN 4408-1). Figure 2 Page 7 prEN 4408-5: 2002 Design parameters Needle side 5 Sewn seam Drawing symbol point 5.1 Design parameters The design parameters to be
25、 taken into account in the case of sewn seams are as follows: - start and stop of seam; - thickness of layer to be linked; - kind and section of the link; - stitch type; - tension of the link (daN); - row pitch, stitch pitch. Thickness to be linked Limit of linked thickness Other criteria allowing a
26、 definition of the characteristics to be obtained 5.2 The symbols to be used are defined in table 2. Representation symbols in the sewing table - (line) b (arrow) NOTE Table 2 Design parameters Indications of seam lines Seam stitch Stitch type (3 characters) Drawing symbol (fine dotted line) -_ I (f
27、ine line) J-El In the NOTE, the following shall be stated if necessary: - kind and section of link; - stitch pitch, row pitch; - tension of link; - stitch type; - knotted start or knotted stop; - others. 5.3 Representation on the image See figure 4. The symbols to be used are defined in table 3. Tab
28、le 3 Page 8 prEN 4408-5: 2002 Kind l-thread chain stitch Numerical code 101 111 Lockstitch NOTE The presentation in the seam table is identical to the one in the graft table. Figure 4 30 1 5.4 Recommended stitches See table 4. The stitches shall comply with annex A. The definition of stitches as wel
29、l as passage of the yarn are given in annex A. Zigzag stitch 2-thread chain stitch Table 4 304 401 I Barred witch stitch or cross stitch 204 I Shell scalloping stitch 206 I Front stitch or slip stitch 209 Page 9 prEN 4408-5: 2002 Annex A (informative) Examples of stitches A. 1 l-thread chain stitch
30、See figure A.1. This type of stitch is made with one thread of needle 1 a loop of which is passed through the material by the side of the needle and is twisted together with itself on the other side. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerica
31、l code: 1 01. Figure A.? A.l .I Barred witch stitch or cross stitch See figure A.2. This type of stitch is made with a thread of needle I which is passed through the material, offset to a diagonal over the material for the width of a stitch, passed through the material and brought back across an app
32、ropriate length before crossing the material once again. It then passes diagonally through the material for the width of a stitch, passes through the material and passes through the material again to a similar length at the back. This process is repeated to form parallel rows of stitches separated a
33、nd staggered on one side and a criss-cross pattern on the other side (when done by hand, this stitch is generally done from left to right). A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 204. 1 w Figure A.2 A.1.2 Shell scalloping stitch Se
34、e figure A.3. This type of stitch is made with a thread of needle 1 which is passed twice through the material and pulled out perpendicularly to the direction of the successive formation of stitches by passing over the thread of the previous stitch to form a loop. The successive stitches are spaced
35、at chosen intervals and may be loose or tight. When done by hand, this stitch type is generally formed from left to right. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. Page 10 prEN 4408-5: 2002 This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 206. Figure A.3 A.1.3 See figure A.4. This
36、type of stitch is made with a thread of needle 1 which is passed through the material, brought forward over an appropriate length and passed back through the material. The points of needle penetration may be brought nearer and be used for gathering or adjusting the material or may be spread out alte
37、rnatively at different intervals. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 209. Front stitch or slip stitch Figure A.4 A.1.4 Lockstitch See figure A.5. This type of stitch is formed with two threads: a thread from needle 1 and the th
38、read from the spool. A loop of thread 1 is passed through the material by the side of the needle and is entwined with the thread a on the other side. Thread 1 is brought back so that where they are entwined is situated halfway from the faces of the sewn material. This stitch type is sometimes formed
39、 with one thread; in this case, the first stitch differs from the following stitches. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 301. Figure AS A.1.5 Zigzag stitch See figure A.6. This stitch type is formed with two threads: one thread
40、 from needle 1 and one thread from spool a. A loop of thread 1 is passed through the material by the side of the needle and is entwined with the thread on the other side. The thread is pulled back so that where they are entwined is situated halfway from the faces of the sewn material. This stitch ty
41、pe is the same as type 301 (lockstitch) except that the series of stitches taken one by one form a symmetric zigzag pattern. Page Il prEN 4408-5: 2002 A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 304. Figure A.6 A.2 2-thread chain stitch
42、 See figure A.7. This stitch type is formed with two threads: one thread from needle 1 and one thread from the looper a. A loop of thread 1 is passed through the material by the side of the needle and through a loop of thread on the other side. It is then twisted together with a second loop of threa
43、d a. The intertwisted threads are pulled tight against the material. A minimum of two stitches completes this stitch type. This stitch type is designated by the numerical code: 401. 1 Figure A.7 The following types of stitches are the same as for type 401 but produce different sewing patterns as sho
44、wn on the views (see figure A.8): 411 - Type of 2-thread chain zigzag stitch made up of 6 stitches 412 -Type of 2-thread chain zigzag stitch made up of 8 stitches 413 - Type of 2-thread chain zigzag stitch in a “T“ shape 414 -Type of “you and me“ chain stitch “1, 415 - Type of herringbone chain stit
45、ch 41 6 - Type of 2-thread chain stitch (thorn stitch) 417 -Type of half-moon chain stitch made up of “n“ stitches c S -m Figure A.8 Page 12 prEN 4408-5: 2002 EN 4408-1 E?! 44G8-2 EN 4408-3 EN 4408-4 EN 4408-6 Annex B (informative) Bibliograph y Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation
46、 of parts made of composite materials - Part 1 : General rules Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation of parts made of composite materials - Part 2: Laminated parts Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation of parts made of composite materials - Part 3: Parts including core materials Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation of parts made of composite materials - Part 4: Items obtained by winding Aerospace series - Technical drawings - Representation of parts made of composite materials - Part 6: Preforms
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