1、T B EOITIED BY Proceedings of the International Symposium sponsored by the Water Resorces Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, in conjunction with the ASCEs First International Conference on Water Resources Engineering in San Antonio, Texas. San Antonio, Texas August 14-16, 199
2、5 Edited by Randall J. Charbeneau Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York. New York 1001 7-2398 ABSTRACT This proceedings, Groundwater Management, contains papers pre- sented at the International Symposium held in San Antonio Texas, August 14-1 6,1995. It c
3、overs such issues as: 1) Models of remediation systems, 2) groundwater quality, 3) hydrologic models, 4) groundwa- ter/sutace water interactions, 5) non-aqueous phase liquids, 6) conta- minant transport, and 7) wellhead protection. The Socieiy is not responsible for any statements made or opinions e
4、xpressed in its publications. Photocopies. Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circumstances not falling within the fair use provi- sions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Trans
5、actional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $2.00 per article plus $.25 per page copied is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood, Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is O-7844-0107-1/95 $2.00 + $.25. Requests for special per- mission or bulk copying should be addre
6、ssed to Permissions apparently it was OK to drink the water, but it was not good enough for beer! The streets often were open sewers and garbage dumps. Also, people relieved themselves in the streets, and emptied their chamber pots directly from doors or windows. The only environmental concern then
7、was a direct hit on the people in the streets! A major development that had a far reaching environmental impact was the flush toilet. Although early models were developed in the 18th century and before, the flush toilet as we now know it was invented by Thomas Crapper in England about a hundred year
8、s ago. The flush toilet has had a tremendous impact on water resources management, because it required both water supply and sewer systems. Moreover, the sewage often ended up in the same water where the drinking water came from. Thus the systems required two treatment barriers: sewage treatment bef
9、ore discharge into surface water and drinking water treatment after diversion from the streams for municipal water supply, plus plenty of water in between for dilution. Flush toilets are marvels of home and urban sanitation, but they are not all that great for cities in water-short areas. Such areas
10、 may have to do a lot of local recycling or use dry toilets with modern collection systems and proper processing of the waste. Initially, sewage was not treated or at best marginally treated in lagoons. Sewage farms were also used to keep sewage out of surface water, using the out-of-sight out- of-m
11、ind philosophy. The discharge of untreated sewage into surface water caused illness and epidemics in people drinking that water. Then, in the early 1900s chlorination was invented and put into practice, so cities could disinfect surface water for municipal water supply. This gave the cities a license to dump their sewage effluent into streams because pathogens then were no longer a concern. Sewage farms were phased out and converted into streets and houses. Primary treatment was used more and more, and, later on, secondary treatment with trickling filters and activated sludge aeration
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