ASCE GSP 296-2018 INNOVATIONS IN GROUND IMPROVEMENT FOR SOILS PAVEMENTS AND SUBGRADES.pdf

1、GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 296 IFCEE 2018 INNOVATIONS IN GROUND IMPROVEMENT FOR SOILS, PAVEMENTS, AND SUBGRADES SELECTED PAPERS FROM SESSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION CONGRESS AND EQUIPMENT EXPO 2018 March 510, 2018 Orlando, Florida SPONSORED BY International Association of Foundati

2、on Drilling Deep Foundations Institute Pile Driving Contractors Association The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers EDITED BY Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E. Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D. Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D. Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers Published by Ameri

3、can Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/publications | ascelibrary.org Any statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any

4、statement made herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or service constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent a standard of ASCE, nor are they i

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6、r process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. The information contained in these materials should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing such information assumes all l

7、iability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents. ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Photocopies and permissions. Permission to photocopy or reproduce material from ASCE publications can be req

8、uested by sending an e-mail to permissionsasce.org or by locating a title in ASCEs Civil Engineering Database (http:/cedb.asce.org) or ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org) and using the “Permissions” link. Errata: Errata, if any, can be found at https:/doi.org/10.1061/9780784481592 Copyright 2018 by

9、 the American Society of Civil Engineers. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-0-7844-8159-2 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. Preface This is the third volume of six Geotechnical Special Publications (GSPs) and one Geotechnical Practice Publication (GPP) containing papers from the 2018 I

10、nternational Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo (IFCEE18) held in Orlando, Florida on March 510, 2018. The IFCEE conference series combines a technical conference and equipment show dedicated to the design and construction of foundation systems, using the latest geo-engineering and geo-construc

11、tion technologies and practices. The IFCEE conference series is a one of a kind event that attracts attendees from around the world for the worlds largest equipment exposition dedicated solely to the deep foundations industry. This Congress combined the 2018 annual meetings of ASCEs Geo-Institute, t

12、he International Association of Foundation Drilling (ADSC), the Pile Driving Contractors Association (PDCA) and the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI). This event was the third Congress in the IFCEE conference series, following the successful 2009 and 2015 meetings, in which these leading geotechnical

13、 and geotechnical-related organizations joined together for a single and singular annual congress. IFCEE18 provided an international forum to discuss technological advances, case histories, and present challenges related to geotechnical and foundation engineering. The Congress was attended by a wide

14、 range of geo-professionals including engineers, contractors, academicians, equipment manufacturers, geo-technologists, researchers, and service, material and tooling suppliers. This publication culminates two years of effort by the technical planning committee whose focus has been to continue the s

15、uccess of the previous meetings in the IFCEE conference series. Many individuals are responsible for the content of this volume, all of whom served in the efforts to maintain the standard set by previous proceedings. An international call for papers and a rigorous peer review process yielded 280 acc

16、epted technical papers, that were presented in 47 sessions, in addition to invited keynote presentations. Papers were reviewed in accordance with ASCE GSP standards. Accordingly, each paper was subjected to technical review by two or more independent peer reviewers. Publication requires concurrence

17、by at least two peer reviewers. The Editors would like to express their appreciation for having been provided the opportunity to be a part of this Congress organization, their sincere thanks to the numerous session chairs and reviewers, and we hope that these proceedings will be of use to the geotec

18、hnical engineering community for many years to come. The Editors, Armin W. Stuedlein, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, M.DFI, Oregon State University Anne Lemnitzer, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, University of California, Irvine Muhannad T. Suleiman, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, M.DFI, Lehigh University ,) Elizabeth M. Smith, P.

19、E., G.E., D.GE, Terracon Consultants, Inc.; James W. Niehoff, P.E., M.ASCE, GEI Consultants, Inc. Field Testing: Axial/Lateral I Gerald Verbeek, M.ASCE, Verbeek Management Services; John P. Turner, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Dan Brown and Associates, PC; Murad Y. Abu-Farsakh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Lo

20、uisiana State University ,) Thomas W. Pennington, P.E., M.ASCE, Jacobs Associates Ground Improvement Jason DeJong, Ph.D., University of California, Davis; Kenichi Soga, Ph.D., FREng, FICE, M.ASCE, University of California, Berkeley Geosynthetic/Fiber Reinforcement Ben A. Leshchinsky, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE

21、, Oregon State University Ground Improvement: Treatment Case Studies Christian B. Woods, P.E., D.GE, G.E., M.ASCE, Densification, Inc. Liquefaction and Densification Menzer Pehlivan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL Retaining and Cutoff Wall Design and Construction Kenneth L. Fishman, Ph.D., P.E., M.A

22、SCE, McMahon Nasser Massoudi, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Bechtel Corp. Stone Columns/Piers/Grouting I Kord J. Wissmann, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, M.ASCE, Geopier Foundation Company; Jie Han, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, The University of Kansas ,) John S. McCartney, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of California, San Die

23、go Bridges: Foundation Design and Construction Sam Sternberg, III, P.E., M.ASCE, Thompson Engineering Characterizing the Behavior of Soils Cumaraswamy (Vipu) Vipulanandan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Houston; Yazen Khasawneh, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, NTH Consultants, Ltd. Liquefaction: Analysis a

24、nd Design C. Yoga Chandran, Ph.D., G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, CH2M HILL QA/QC for Deep Foundations Anna Sellountou, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, Pile Dynamics, Inc. Rock Mechanics Ingrid Tomac, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of California, San Diego; Ehsan Ghazanfari, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Vermont Site Chara

25、cterization Xiong (Bill) Yu, Ph.D., P.E., F.ASCE, Case Western University Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Constitutive Modeling Usama S. El Shamy, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Southern Methodist University; Seung Jae Lee, Ph.D., Aff.M.ASCE, Florida International University Pavements and Subgrades B

26、oo Hyun Nam, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, University of Central Florida Shallow Foundations Xiong Zhang, Ph.D., P.E., A.M.ASCE, Missouri University of Science and Technology Slopes, Dams, Embankments Timothy D. Stark, Ph.D., P.E., D.GE, F.ASCE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Binod Tiwari, Ph.E., P.

27、E., M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton; Beena Ajmera, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE, California State University, Fullerton ,) Rifat Bulut, Ph.D., M.ASCE, Oklahoma State University Selected Other Topics in Geotechnical Engineering Matteo Montesi, P.E., M.ASCE, WSP USA; Curt R. Basnett, P.E., M.ASCE. C

28、H2M HILL; Morgan Race, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Braun Intertec; Kam Weng Ng, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Wyoming; Lori A. Simpson, G.E., P.E., M.ASCE, Langan Treadwell Rollo Case Histories, Lessons Learned and General Practice ACIP Piles: Case Histories and Lessons Learned W. Morgan NeSmith, P.E.

29、, M.ASCE, Berkel Muhannad T. Suleiman, M.ASCE2; and Derick G. Brown, M.ASCE3 1Geotechnical Engineer, Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers, 14 Penn Plaza, 225 W 34th St, New York, NY 10122. E-mail: 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015.

30、 E-mail: mts210lehigh.edu 3Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, PA 18015. E-mail: dgb3lehigh.edu Abstract Biofilm can interconnect porous media grains with exopolysacharide (EPS). This inter-particle bridging can affect the mechanical behavior o

31、f soils. However, the research on the mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soil is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions. The goal of this paper is to further investigate the mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated sand. Three types of tests at variable conditions were conducted, includi

32、ng anaerobic tests, syringe tests, and triaxial tests. This study utilized Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis, ATCC 35984), facultative anaerobic, and gram-positive bacteria, to induce biofilm formation in the sand matrix. The bacteria density (OD600), pH, and nitrate concentration during bi

33、ofilm treatment were monitored. S- and P-wave velocities were also monitored during biofilm treatment and loading of the triaxial test. After the tests, biomass content and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of sand samples were analyzed for biofilm distribution and morphology in the sand mat

34、rix. It was concluded that the selected bacteria S. Epidermidis can grow and form biofilm in the sand matrix under anaerobic condition. The results of triaxial tests show a lower ultimate strength of biofilm-treated specimen compared to the untreated specimen. INTRODUCTION Biomediated soil modificat

35、ion offers the potential for sustainable solutions to geotechnical problems (DeJong et al. 2013). The research on bio-mineralization and bio-gas generation and their application potentials on geotechnical engineering has been well-documented (DeJong et al. 2006; Whiffin et al. 2007; Kavazanjian et a

36、l. 2009; Rebata-Landa and Santamarina 2012; He et al. 2013; He and Chu 2014). However, the research on mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soils is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions requiring further investigation. The biofilm is a combination of microbial cells and associated exop

37、olysacharide (EPS). The common view of the biofilm formation starts with adhesion of individual cells to a solid surface, and then followed by cell replication and EPS secretion which binds the cells to a surface, eventually forming a complex three-dimensional biofilm structure (Bryers and Charackli

38、s 1981; Gilbert et al. 2013). Biofilm accumulation in soil will also cause a reduction of permeability by decreasing the available pore volume and changing the shape of pore spaces (Taylor and Jaffe 1990; Rockhold et al. 2002). These phenomenon are usually referred to as bioclogging. ,) Palmer 2007)

39、. These forces may provide additional cohesion for shear resistance of the sand matrix. On the other hand, the lubrication properties of the biofilm resulting from its viscous property may lead to a decrease of the inter-particle friction leading to a reduction of soil shear resistance (Perkins et a

40、l. 2000). These short-range bonding forces along with the viscous nature of the biofilm will affect the mechanical behavior of soil interactively. The research on mechanical behavior of biofilm-treated soils is very limited and shows contradictory conclusions. Perkins et al. (2000) showed that Klebs

41、iella oxytoca-produced biofilm has negligible influence on the strength and stiffness of the sand using triaxial and oedometer tests. Daniels et al. (2009) concluded that Beijerinckia indica-produced biofilm has a decreasing effect on the soil strength of clay and clayey sand using unconfined compre

42、ssion tests. Banagan (2010) reported that the shear strength of Ottawa 30 sand estimated using vane shear test was increased by 15.287.5% by adding biofilm-forming bacteria Flavobacterium johnsoniae. Three types of tests at variable conditions were conducted in this study. The anaerobic test was des

43、igned to determine whether the selected bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. Epidermidis, ATCC 35984) can grow under anaerobic condition using nitrate as electron acceptor. The syringe tests were designed to investigate the biofilm growth and morphology in the sand matrix under anaerobic conditio

44、n. Finally, triaxial tests were utilized to investigate the mechanical behavior of sand treated by S. Epidermidis biofilm. EQUIPMENT Three types of tests (anaerobic test, syringe test, and triaxial test) were used to investigate the bacteria metabolic activity under anaerobic condition, the biofilm

45、growth and morphology in the sand matrix, and the mechanical behavior of sand treated by biofilm (Figure 1). The anaerobic test was mainly used to understand the growth activity of S. Epidermidis under anaerobic condition. The anaerobic test consists of 11 anaerobic batch reactors in which each reac

46、tor consists of an anaerobic tube, septum stopper, and aluminum seal with bacteria and biofilm medium but without sand (Bellco Glass, Inc. Figure 1a). The syringe test was used to investigate the biofilm growth and morphology in the sand matrix under anaerobic condition. The syringe test consists of

47、 three 60 mL syringes which were used as continuous flow reactors filled with sand. The bottom port of the syringe was connected with a peristaltic pump (Cole-Parmer, L/S tubing pump). Above the 60 mL mark, an effluent tube was inserted into the syringe serving as an effluent port (Figure 1b). Triax

48、ial test was utilized to evaluate the mechanical behavior of S. Epidermidis biofilm-treated sand. In addition, shear and compression wave (S-and P-wave) sensors were fabricated at two ends of the sample caps to monitor the sand modulus variation during biofilm growth and compression loading (Figure

49、1c). The detailed fabrication and equipment setup of S-and P-wave sensors can be found in Lin et al. (2016). ,) (b) syringe tests; (c) triaxial tests. MATERIALS AND BACTERIA PREPARATION Soil Properties The soil used in the test was Ottawa 50/70, which is classified as poorly graded sand (SP) using the Unified Soil Classification System. Ottawa 50/70 sand has a coefficient of uniformity (Cu) of 1.43, a coefficient of curvature (Cc) of 1.01, and maximum and minimum void ratio (emax and emin) of 0.87 and 0.55. The sand was dried in an oven at 105 oC