1、 Sedimentation EngineeringThis page intentionally left blank ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 54SedimentationEngineeringEdited byVito A. VanoniPrepared bythe ASCE Task Committeefor the Preparation ofthe Manual on Sedimentationof the Sedimentation Committeeof the Hydraulics Divisi
2、onPublished by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataSedimentation engineering / prepared by the ASCE Task Committee for the Preparation of theManual on Sedimentation of the Sedimentation Committee of the Hydraulics Division ; VitoA. Vanoni, editor.
3、p. cm.(Manuals and reports on engineering practice ; np. 54)ISBN 0-7844-0823-81. Sediment transport. 2. Soil conservation. I. Vanoni, Vito A. II. American Society ofCivil Engineers. Task Committee for the Preparation of the manual on sedimentation.III. ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practic
4、e ; no. 54.TC175.2.S385 2006627prime.122dc222005032268Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.pubs.asce.orgAny statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do notnecessarily represent the views of ASCE, whi
5、ch takes no responsibility for any statement madeherein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, orservice constitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.The materials are for general information only and do not represent a
6、standard of ASCE, nor arethey intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or anyother legal document.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, concerningthe accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any inform
7、ation, apparatus, product, orprocess discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore. This informationshould not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitability for anygeneral or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumes all lia
8、bility arisingfrom such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patent or patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and TrademarkOffice.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use undercircumstances not falling withi
9、n the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted byASCE to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC)Transactional Reporting Service, provided that the base fee of $25.00 per article is paid directlyto CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The ident
10、ification for this book is0-7844-0823-8/06 $25.00. Requests for special permission or bulk copying should be addressedto Permissions nor is it so elementary or soconclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which ex-pr
11、essed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a committeeor group selected to assemble and express information on a specific topic. Asoften as practicable the committee is under the general direction of one or moreof the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved ha
12、s been sub-jected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As astep in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts are often brought be-fore the members of the Technical Divisions and Councils for comment, whichmay serve as the basis for improvement. When published, each
13、 work shows thenames of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly theseveral processes through which it has passed in review, in order that its meritmay be definitely understood.In February, 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction votedto establish:A series entitl
14、ed “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” toinclude the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manualsof Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. All suchManual or Report material of the Society would have been referred ina manner approved by the Board Committee
15、on Publications and wouldbe bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals.Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of presentManual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSON
16、ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title13 Filtering Materials for Sewage TreatmentPlants14 Accommodation of Utility Plant Within theRights-of-Way of Urban Streets andHighways35 A List of Translations of Foreign Literatureon Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary4
17、5 Consulting Engineering: A Guide for theEngagement of Engineering Services46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines for SmallCraft Harbors51 Survey of Current St
18、ructural Research52 Guide for the Design of Steel TransmissionTowers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions for CivilEngineers57 Management, Operation and Maintenanceof Irrigation and Drainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices6
19、0 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures68 Aeration: A Wastew
20、ater Treatment Process69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation WaterRequirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: A Guidefor Owners, Designers, and
21、Constructors74 Guidelines for Electrical Transmission LineStructural Loading76 Design of Municipal Wastewater TreatmentPlantsNo. Title77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding t
22、o AugmentPrecipitation82 Odor Control in Wastewater TreatmentPlants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance of GroundWater Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water Treatment PlantResidua
23、ls89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed Electrical TransmissionStructures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerforman
24、ce of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Water andWastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterization andRemediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination byOrganic Pollutants: Analysis andRemediation101 Underwater Investigat
25、ions103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining Great CivilEngineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products forOverhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment inLagoons106 Horizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation108 Pipeline Design for Installat
26、ion byHorizontal Directional Drilling109 Biologic Nutrient Removal OperationCONTENTSForeword ixForeword to the First Edition xiCHAPTER I NATURE OF SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS 1A. Introduction 1B. Problems of Erosion 2C. Problems of Sediment Transport 6D. Problems of Sediment Deposition 6E. Solution of Se
27、diment Problems 8F. Conclusions 9G. References 9CHAPTER II SEDIMENT TRANSPORTATION MECHANICS 11A. Introduction 11B. Properties of Sediment 12C. Erosion of SedimentLocal Scour 27D. Suspension of Sediment 39E. Initiation of Motion 54F. Hydraulic Relations for Alluvial Streams 69G. Fundamentals of Sedi
28、ment Transportation 92H. Sediment Discharge Formulas 113I. Wind Erosion and Transportation 138J. Transportation of Sediment in Pipes 148K. Density Currents 166L. Genetic Classification of Valley Sediment Deposits 171M. References 175CHAPTER III SEDIMENT MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 191A. Fluvial Sediment
29、191B. Reservoir Deposits 208C. Accelerated Valley Deposits 227D. Airborne Sediment 234E. Laboratory Procedures 239F. References 255CHAPTER IV SEDIMENT SOURCES AND SEDIMENT YIELDS 261A. Introduction 261B. Erosion Rates from Sediment Sources 262viiviii contentsC. Yield from Sediment Sources 273D. Refe
30、rences 289CHAPTER V SEDIMENT CONTROL METHODS 295A. Introduction 295B. Watershed Area 295C. Stream Channels 309D. Canals 325E. Reservoirs 348F. References 361CHAPTER VI ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SEDIMENTATION 367A. General Comment 367B. Deposition of Sediment 368C. Alluvial Channels 371D. Municipalities 37
31、4E. Sediment Removal 374F. References 375CHAPTER VII AMERICAN SEDIMENTATION LAW ANDPHYSICAL PROCESSES 377A. Introduction 377B. Rights in Land and Diffused Surface Waters 380C. Rights in Land and Defined Surface Waters 384D. Rights to be Free from Undue Damage Caused byObstructions: Major Works of Im
32、provement,Sediment Wedges, and Similar Causes 386E. Court Citations and Other References 402Appendix I Conversion Factors 405Appendix II Density and Viscosity of Water 0C40C 407Appendix III Symbols 411Index 415FOREWORDASCE Manual 54 Sedimentation Engineering, edited by the late Professor Vito A. Van
33、oni, provides bothqualitative and quantitative guidance to theoreticians and practitioners with respect to sediment issuesand processes associated with the development, use, and conservation of water and land resources. Itdescribes the nature and scope of sedimentation problems, details methods of i
34、nvestigation, and presentspractical approaches to solution and management.Vito A. Vanoni (19041999)As a major contribution to the profession, Professor Vanoniorganized, partially wrote, and edited the definitive Manual54. As chairman of the special Task Committee, establishedin 1954 with the charge
35、of writing the manual, Vanoni workedfor two decades and set a high standard. Many of the sectionsof the original manuscript for the book were first publishedin the Journal of the Hydraulics Division ASCE and receivedconsiderable discussion, which was taken into account in thefinal manuscript. Manual
36、 54 received worldwide recognitionand widespread use in academia and practice. In 1976, thebook was awarded the ASCE Karl Emil Hilgard HydraulicPrize for best publication.Since the publication of Manual 54 in 1975, global aware-ness of sediment erosion, transport, and deposition processesand of thei
37、r impact on the use and development of water andland resources has greatly increased. Manual 54 remains animportant reference on many aspects of sedimentation engi-neering, but in other aspects it has been outdated by advancesin knowledge and techniques and by the emergence of newproblems and issues
38、.In 1991 a Task Committee was formed to update Manual 54. By 2000, however, the ASCE Sedi-mentation Committee decided that the original volume was to be preserved as a classic and that a newmanual should be prepared to include more recent advances. This resulted in the preparation of ASCEManual 110
39、Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modelling, and Practice, which isintended to provide an updated review of sedimentation engineering as a complement to the originalManual 54. Both manuals document the evolution of the sedimentation field over a 50-year-period aswell as the state o
40、f the art in sedimentation engineering.ASCE/EWRI Sedimentation Committee is proud to be able to publish this second edition of the classicASCE Manual 54 Sedimentation Engineering 30 years after its first printing. This edition includes anew index originally prepared by Vito Vanoni after the first ed
41、ition had already been published. As ateacher and a practitioner himself, he would be delighted to know that future generations will be ableto benefit from this monumental contribution to the engineering profession.Marcelo H. GarciaChair, Sedimentation Committee (19992004)Corresponding EditorManual
42、110 Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements, Modelling, and PracticeixThis page intentionally left blank FOREWORDTO THE FIRST EDITIONThis book is concerned mainly with sediment problems involved in the development, use, control andconservation of water and land resources. Its aim is to gi
43、ve an understanding of the nature and scope ofsedimentation problems, of methods for their investigation, and of practical approaches to their solution.In essence, it is a textbook on sedimentation engineering. As such, it must necessarily treat sedimentationin broad perspective, considering the int
44、errelated processes of erosion, sediment transportation by waterand air, and sediment deposition where it creates problems of practical importance. On the other hand,limitations of space and of objective preclude consideration of certain important aspects of sedimentationthat are adequately treated
45、in other publications. This treatment is concerned, for example, only with thedynamic phases of sedimentation excluding mass movement and not with the historical aspects that aredescribed in many geological reference works. It deals with sediment control methods for watersheds,streams, canals, and r
46、eservoirs, but not with all of the details of sediment removal in the process of waterpurificationa subject extensively treated in books on waterworks practice and sanitary engineering.Nor does it consider the important subject of littoral and ocean sedimentation. Some economic and legalaspects of s
47、edimentation and a section on transportation of particulate matter in pipes are also included.In preparing the text it was assumed that the reader has a knowledge of elementary fluid mechanics,calculus, and a general technical background. The material is presented in sufficient detail so the readerc
48、an follow developments from basic principles. For those readers faced with practical problems the textmay not give enough information and it may be necessary to seek additional material in some of thereferences listed at the end of each chapter.The text was prepared from reports published in the ASC
49、E Journal of the Hydraulics Division andthe discussions of these reports. Each of the published reports was prepared by a specialist in the fieldand reviewed by at least three experts. By this procedure the material in the book has been reviewedand checked by many specialists.The book was prepared under the supervision of the Task Committee for the Preparation of theManual on Sedimentation of the Sedimentation Committee of the Hydraulics Division of ASCE. Theidea for the work was conceived by the late Car
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