1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 67Wind Tunnel Studiesof Buildings andStructuresTask Committee onWind Tunnel Testing of Buildings and StructuresAerodynamics CommitteeAerospace DivisionContributors:J.E. Cermak, A.G. Davenport, F.H. Durgin,P.A. Irwin, N. Isyumov, J.A. Peterka, S.R
2、 Ramsay,T.A. Reinhold R.H. Scanlan, T. Stathopoulos,A.C. Steckley, H. Tieleman, and P.J. VickeryEditor:Nicholas IsyumovPublished byAmerican Societyof Civil Engineer*1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400ASCEAbstract: This Manual of Practice provides guidelines to assist architects, b
3、uilding code officials,engineers, town planners, and others who become involved with the wind tunnel model test-ing of buildings and structures and/or the evaluation and use of information from such tests.Many Codes of Practice now permit such studies as alternative approaches for the designagainst
4、wind action. Part 1 updates the Manual, which was first published in 1987, to reflectnew developments in wind engineering and adds a chapter on atmospheric dispersion ofexhausts and pollutants around buildings and in built-up areas. Part 2 is a Commentary whichcontains detailed information on specif
5、ic methodologies of wind tunnel testing and the use ofsuch data to predict the performance of full-scale buildings and structures. Rigorous modelsimilitude requirements must be followed in order to assure that the findings of wind tunnelmodel studies are representative. A Glossary and an extensive l
6、ist of references are included.This Manual has been prepared by a special Task group of the Aerodynamics Committee of theAerospace Division and includes contributions from some of North Americas leading windengineering experts and laboratories.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWind t
7、unnel studies of buildings and structures / Aerospace Division of the American Societyof Civil Engineers.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; no. 67)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0319-81. Wind pressure. 2. BuildingsAerodynamicsTesting. 3. Wind tunnels.
8、 I. AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers. Aerospace Division. II. Series.IN PROCESS624.175dc21 98-44103CIPThe material presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generallyrecognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only. This infor-mation sho
9、uld not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitabilityfor any general or specific application.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be astandard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended fo
10、r use as areference in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal docu-ment.No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no
11、 representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus, prod-uct, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all lia
12、bility arising from such use, including butnot limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and other
13、users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) TransactionalReporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per chapter plus $.50 per page is paiddirectly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is0-7844-0319-8/99/$8.00 + $.50 per page. Req
14、uests for special permission or bulk copying shouldbe addressed to Permissions noris it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb“ for non-engineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is th
15、e work of a com-mittee or group selected to assemble and express informaton on a specifictopic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direction of one ormore of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved hasbeen subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Di
16、vision orCouncil. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts areoften brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and Councilsfor comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When pub-lished, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was com-piled
17、 and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passedin review, in order that its merit may bedefinitely understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction votedto establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,“to include the
18、Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on EngineeringPractice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society wouldhave been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Commit-tee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discus-sion
19、 in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be con-secutive and would be a continuation of present Manualnumbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materia
20、ls for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways34 Definitions of Surveying andAssociated Terms35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics37 Design and Construction of Sanitaryand Storm Sewers40 Ground Water Manageme
21、nt41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guide
22、lines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current StructuralResearch52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation
23、andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studie
24、s of Buildingsand Structures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constru
25、cted Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading75 Right-of-Way Surveying76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel P
26、enstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Run
27、off Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Ur
28、ban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPracticeFOREWORDThe first edition of the Manual of Practice for Wind Tunnel Studies of Build-ings and Structures was published in 1987. The wind engineering field con-tinues t
29、o evolve, and this update of that manual emphasizes the circum-stances under which tests might be needed, the types of tests that might beperformed and the physical principles that need to be followed to ensuremeaningful results.This edition of the Manual has two parts. Part 1 is an updated version
30、ofASCE Manual 67 with an added section on Atmospheric Dispersion AroundBuildings. Part 2 is a Commentary, which provides supporting informationon the methodologies needed and examples of typical tests. It also includesa bibliography.This Manual has been prepared by a Task Committee formed under thea
31、uspices of the Aerodynamics Committee of the Aerospace Division of theASCE. Members of this Task Committee, who have contributed to the prepa-ration of this Manual are:Frank H. Durgin, Chairman Nicholas Isyumov, Vice-Chair andWright Brothers Wind Tunnel EditorM.I.T., Building 17-110 Boundary Layer W
32、ind TunnelCambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Laboratory02139 The University of Western OntarioTel: (617) 253-2270 London, Ontario N6A 5B9, CanadaFAX: (617) 258-7566 Tel: (519) 661-3338FAX: (519) 661-3339VVI WIND TUNNEL STUDIES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURESJackE.CermakFluid Dynamics and DiffusionLaborato
33、ryColorado State UniversityFort Coffins, Colorado, U.S A 805243Tel: (970) 221-3371FAX: (970) 221-3124Alan G. DavenportBoundary Layer Wind TunnelLaboratoryThe University of Western OntarioLondon, Ontario N6A 5B9, CanadaTel: (519) 661-3338FAX: (519) 661-3339Peter A. IrwinRowan Williams Davies 2. impor
34、tant properties of atmospheric turbulence, in particular the rele-vant length scales of the longitudinal turbulence component, shall beMODELING THE WIND 11modeled to approximately the same scale as that used to model build-ings or structures; and3. the longitudinal pressure gradient in the wind-tunn
35、el test sectionshould be sufficiently small as not to significantly affect the results.These requirements can be satisfied for a range of model scales by repro-ducing most of the atmospheric boundary layer. For low-rise structures, it isusually sufficient to simulate the lower part of the ABL only.
36、For these appli-cations reproduction of the flow properties in the atmospheric surface layer(depth zs = 100 m or lowest 10% of the ABL) is recommended. Typically,over flat terrain with uniform roughness, the turbulent stresses in this layershould vary no more than 10 to 25% of values at z = 0. For m
37、any wind-tun-nel model tests, a more complete simulation of all aspects of the turbulentABL flow is necessary. For example, simulation of the vertical component ofturbulence is important in some wind-tunnel model studies of long-spanbridges.For air-pollution studies, in which turbulent diffusion is
38、important rela-tive to advective transport, thermal stratification of the ABL (particularly theatmospheric surface layer) can have significant consequences. An additionalmodeling requirement for thermally stratified ABL flows is that the bulkRichardson number, which represents the ratio of buoyancy
39、forces to iner-tia! forces, shall be equal for the full- and model-scale approach flows. Analternative modeling criterion is that zg/Lmo, where Lmo is the Monin-Obukhov stability length, be equal for model and prototype.2.4 TOPOGRAPHIC MODELSInformation on the characteristics of the full-scale wind
40、applicable to thespecific site may not be available in situations of complex topography or ter-rain. In such situations small-scale topographic models, constructed at scalesin the range of 1:1000 to 1:5000, can be effective for estimating the full-scalemean flow field. Such data can form the basis f
41、or the subsequent modelingof the wind at a larger scale, as required for studying wind effects on build-ings and structures. If a meteorological station exists within the bounds ofthe topographical model, wind data measured at this location on the modelcan be used to correlate the station wind data
42、with wind characteristics atthe site of the building.2.5 NEAR HELDNearby significant buildings, structures, and topographic features collec-tively modify the approach flow and should be included as part of the12 WIND TUNNEL STUDIES OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURESmodel for simulations of wind at a partic
43、ular location. In urban settings, themodeling of this near field typically requires the scaled reproduction of allmajor buildings and structures within about 300 to 800 m from the site andusually covers the entire turntable of the wind tunnel. The degree of modeldetail, used in these near-field or p
44、roximity models, can be reduced with dis-tance from the site, and block outline representations of buildings are usu-ally acceptable.2.6 INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC STRUCTURESInclusion of specific nearby structures in the proximity model ensuresthat their effects on local wind characteristics are properly
45、 accounted for inthe wind-tunnel simulation. In some situations, it becomes important also toinclude possible aerodynamic influences of major buildings or structuresbeyond the proximity model on the turntable with a diameter that normallyis equal to the wind-tunnel test-section width. Such buildings
46、 or structuresshould be placed upwind of the proximity model for appropriate winddirections.The possible adverse influence of future adjacent buildings or structuresis often considered in wind-tunnel tests. In the absence of precise informa-tion, approximate massing models are used to examine the se
47、nsitivity of var-ious wind effects to possible future construction. Adverse effects are morelikely in areas of new development, as there is a greater possibility for aero-dynamic interference between isolated buildings or groups of buildings sur-rounded by lower structures or open terrain. The influ
48、ence of specific newconstruction in built-up cities, with many other buildings of comparablesize, is usually less pronounced.In some situations, the scope of a wind-tunnel study is expanded toexamine the influence of the building under study on wind effects for exist-ing nearby buildings and structu
49、res. This extended examination usuallyincludes measurements on the existing buildings and structures with andwithout the building under study in place.2.7 SELECTION OF GEOMETRIC SCALE2.7.1 Consistent Modeling of All LengthsThe geometric scale of the model of a building or structure should be cho-sen to maintain, as closely as possible, equality of model and prototype ratiosof overall building dimensions to the important meteorological lengths of themodeled approach wind. Depending on the structure studied, th
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