1、 Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 98Conveyance ofResiduals from Waterand WastewaterTreatmentSludge Treatment, Utilization, Reclamation,and Disposal Committee of theEnvironmental and Water Resources Institute of theAmerican Society of Civil EngineersPublished byAmerican Societyof Civil
2、 Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400Abstract: The treatment of water and wastewater results in the production of residual solids thatmust be handled. These solids typically are concentrated to reduce the water content beforetheir beneficial use or disposal. As these solids
3、 are further processed and handled, their intrinsicpropertiessuch as viscosity, rheology, flowability, and texturechange. Although much asbeen written to describe the chemical characteristics of these residuals, only limited informationhas been complied describing their handling characteristics and
4、appropriate means of trans-port. The objective of this manual is to provide a reference document that the practitioner canuse to determine the handling characteristics of residuals and to select appropriate conveyancesystems.The monograph has been organized into nine chapters. Chapter 1 provides an
5、overview ofthe manual and describes a procedure for classifying residuals according to their transportproperties. Chapter 2 describes the rheology, the types of water associated with the solids, andtransport properties. Chapter 3 discusses the composition and characteristics of residuals as afunctio
6、n of how they are generated. Chapter 4 provides a comprehensive compilation of thetypes of equipment available for residuals transport, with photographs and illustrations. Chap-ters 5 through 8 provide guidance on the type of equipment that can be used for each of themajor classifications of residua
7、ls: non-Newtonian slurries, thickened residuals, dewateredresiduals, and granular and compactable residuals. Chapter 9 presents four case studies, high-lighting lessons learned from actual operating installations.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataConveyance of residuals from water an
8、d wastewater treatment / Sludge Treatment, Utilization,Reclamation, and Disposal Committee of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute ofthe American Society of Civil Engineers.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; no. 98)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0
9、-7844-0438-01. Sewage sludgeManagement. 2. Sewage sludgeCharacterization. 3. Sewage dis-posal plantsDesign and construction. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Sludge Treat-ment, Utilization, Reclamation, and Disposal Committee. II. Series.TD767.C667 2000628.364dc21 99-059471The material presen
10、ted in this publication has been prepared in accordance with generallyrecognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only. This infor-mation should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitabilityfor any general or specific applicat
11、ion.The contents of this publication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be astandard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use as a ref-erence in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.No refer
12、ence made in this publication to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability,
13、or utility of any information, apparatus, product,or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including butnot limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization t
14、o photocopy material for internal or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) TransactionalReporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.
15、00 per chapter plus $.50 per page is paiddirectly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is0-7844-0438-0/00/$8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permission or bulk copying shouldbe addressed to Permissions nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as t
16、o provide a “rule ofthumb“ for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express informaton on a spe-cific topic. As often as practicable the c
17、ommittee is under the direction ofone or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of theDivision or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Te
18、chnical Divi-sions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro-cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit may bedefinitely
19、 understood.In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice,“ to include the Manuals published and authorized to date,future Manuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engi-neering Practice. A
20、ll such Manual or Report material of theSociety would have been refereed in a manner approved by theBoard Committee on Publications and would be bound, withapplicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals. Num-bering would be consecutive and would be a continuation ofpresent Manual numbers. I
21、n some cases of reports of joint com-mittees, bypassing of Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways35 A L
22、ist of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on Structu
23、ralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance of MultilaneHighways55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57
24、Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 Structural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Struct
25、ural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures68 Aeration: A Wastewater TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspiration and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel T
26、ransmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural
27、 Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmental Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Wa
28、ter Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water TreatmentPlant Residuals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Loc
29、ks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Waterand Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design GuidanceCONTENTSFor
30、eword ixAcknowledgments x1 INTRODUCTION 1Purpose 1Scope 2Contents of the Manual 3Description of the Classified Residuals 4Equipment Used in Processing Residuals 8Evaluation of Alternative Conveyance Methods 12References 122 RHEOLOGY AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN SLUDGE 13Introduction 3Distributio
31、n of Water 13Bound Water in Sludge 6Sludge Rheology 20Newtonian Fluids 1Non-Newtonian Fluids 22Identification of Rheological Behavior of Wastewater Sludges 25Theoretical Approach To Define Suspension Viscosity, and ItsApplicability to Water and Wastewater Sludges 27Conclusion 30References 03 SLUDGE
32、SOURCES, COMPOSITION, AND CHARACTERISTICS 33Introduction 33Wastewater Sludge: Source, Composition, and Quantity 33Primary Sludge 3Secondary Sludge 34Wastewater Sludge Characteristics 37Physical Properties 8Primary Sludge 9vvi CONVEYANCE OF RESIDUALS FROM WATER Rheology and the Distribution of Water
33、inSludge; Sludge Sources, Composition, and Characteristics; Overview ofResiduals Conveyance Devices; Pumping of Non-Newtonian Sludges andSlurries; Transport of Thickened Residuals; Conveyance of DewateredResiduals; Transport of Granular and Compactable Residuals; and CaseHistories.We hope that every
34、one who uses this manual will find the informationcontained in it useful and that we have ensured that engineers will under-stand the complexities of transport of various types of residuals.ixACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe members of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)Sludge Processing, Reclamation,
35、and Disposal Committee responsible forwriting this manual were Orris Albertson, Robert Okey, Paul Bizier, Tho-mas Sadick, Jeanette Semon Brown, Carl Koch, Doug Noffsinger, WilliamHolloway, Aarne Vesilind, Dilek Sarnin, and James E. Smith, Jr. Theauthors thank the following people for assistance in p
36、roducing this docu-ment and contributing to the chapter on case studies: Gary Kroll, SheldonLipske, William Cathcart, Mannley Solheim, Leonard Bernstein, and Rob-ert Menke. Special credits are given to Orris Albertson, who served as theeditor, and to his secretary, Teresa Johnson, who provided inval
37、uableassistance in preparing the manuscript. Furthermore, the authors thankthe following members of the ASCE Blue Ribbon panel for their insightfulcomments that helped us produce what we hope will be a very useful doc-ument for both practicing engineers and academicians: Bruce Burris, G.Lee Christen
38、sen, James Nicolo, Timothy Shea, and James E. Smith, Jr.xChapter 1INTRODUCTIONPURPOSEThe treatment of water and wastewater produces a significant quantityof residual suspended solids that must be further processed prior touse/disposal. Invariably, the processing stages involve the separation ofliqui
39、ds from the suspended solids and, in doing so, change the character-istics of the residual matter. Furthermore, processing can change a sol-ids/water mixture (sludge/slurry) to cakes of high viscosity and, ulti-mately, to minimal moisture (dried) at the ultimate solids concentration.The purpose of t
40、his monograph is not to present the means of achievingvarious levels of solids concentration; rather, it is to define operable andefficient means of conveying the residuals from one point to another in thesolids processing system. Another objective is to classify the solids withvarying states of moi
41、sture content in a manner such that the appropriateequipment can be selected to transport the residuals for additional pro-cessing/disposal.Whereas there is a need to classify the sludge/slurry and solids anddefine the range of solids concentration, there always will be areas wherethe classification
42、 overlaps. This transitional area is of most concern, andthe user must be aware of potential problems when operating in the tran-sitional areas because of significant changes in transport characteristics.Site-specific factors may prevent the level of solids from reaching the nexthigher classificatio
43、n, where a significant change in product handling char-acteristics occurs. Furthermore, the material classification may vary fromone classification to another at a specific site because the waste materialsare processed by different kinds of equipment.To assist in understanding the complex handling c
44、haracteristics ofmany wastewater residuals, a discussion of bound water has beenincluded. The bound water fraction has a significant impact on the physi-12 CONVEYANCE OF RESIDUALS FROM WATER TSS = total suspended solids; R = raw; PS = primary sludge; WAS = waste-activated sludge; D = digested; Pre-s
45、ed = water pre-sedimentation; HT = heat treated; HDS = heat-dried sludge6 CONVEYANCE OF RESIDUALS FROM WATER Table 1-1, rowsRPSandRWAS):r TC (60 + 40X100) _*fafflnumTS = (60)000) , (40X100)1 = M3% (1.2a)20 10 J8 CONVEYANCE OF RESIDUALS FROM WATER Table 1-1, rows RPS and RWAS):“-Zn-24 14 J. TC (60 +
46、40X100) , (13)MaXmUm TS = -(60)(100) (40)(100)1 = 323%40 + 25 JSimilar admixtures of multiple constituents can be developed by theengineer to explore the range of solids concentrations that must be con-veyed for specific projects. Without pilot studies, caution is an importantconsideration in the de
47、sign approachthe engineer must factor in the“worst case“ scenario for the transport requirements.EQUIPMENT USED IN PROCESSING RESIDUALSThe primary purpose of this manual is to provide information to assistin the selection and design of equipment to transport residuals of varyinglevels of moisture. B
48、ecause the residuals generally will be transferred toand from solids-processing equipment, the operating requirements ofthese units will define the duty requirements of the conveyance system.The feed and product temperature and flow characteristics of commonsolids-processing equipment are listed in
49、Table 1-2.The general range of solids concentration that is produced by solids-processing equipment is illustrated in Figure 1-1 for wastewater treat-ment. The solids concentrations produced from various water treatmentsolids-processing unit operations are shown in Figure 1-2. Comparingthe information in Table 1-1 with the range of solids concentrations pro-duced by the solids-processing equipment provides an indication of thekinds of residual characteristics that will be encountered. Admi
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