ASHRAE 147-2013 Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Systems.pdf

1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2002)Reducing the Release ofHalogenated Refrigerantsfrom Refrigeratingand Air-ConditioningEquipment and SystemsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 22, 2013; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on June 26, 2013; and bythe A

2、merican National Standards Institute on June 27, 2013.This standard is under continuous maintenance by a Standing Standard Project Committee (SSPC) for which the Standards Com-mittee has established a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely

3、,documented, consensus action on requests for change to any part of the standard. The change submittal form, instructions, anddeadlines may be obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Manager ofStandards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard

4、may be purchased from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or fromASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478.Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission

5、, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. 2013 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and w

6、hich has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a

7、neffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.A

8、SHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject are

9、a of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for

10、 improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or a

11、ssure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDAR

12、DSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information tha

13、t may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or im

14、plied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationASHRAE Standard Project Committee 147CognizantTC:TC 3.8, Refrigerant ContainmentSPLS Liaisons: Hoy R. BohanonPaul A. Solberg, Chair* Daniel J. Miles*Wesley R. Davis, Sec

15、retary* George Rodriguez*Mark Adams* Hemi Sagi*Van D. Baxter* Robert D. Sperl*Warren L. Beeton Robert C. Uhl*Donald B. Bivens* Michael W. Woodford*Sam Cantrell* James G. CrawfordDenis F. Clodic* John M. GallaherGarth Denison Robert J. RothDavid S. Godwin* Gerry SpangerDanny M. Halel*ASHRAE STANDARDS

16、 COMMITTEE 20122013Kenneth W. Cooper, Chair Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonWilliam F. Walter, Vice-Chair Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywacz Ira G. PostonKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall Douglas T. ReindlCharles S. Barnaby Rita M. Harrold James R. TaubyHoy R. Boha

17、non, Jr. Adam W. Hinge James K. VallortSteven F. Bruning Debra H. Kennoy Craig P. WrayDavid R. Conover Jay A. Kohler Charles H. Culp, III, BOD ExOSteven J. Emmerich Rick A. Larson Constantinos A. Balaras, COMark P. ModeraStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For person

18、al use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013,Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerantsfrom Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Sy

19、stemsSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Design 45 Product Development. 66 Manufacture 77 Installation 78 Service/Operation/Maintenance/Decommissioning 89 Refrigerant Recovery, Reuse, and Disposal 910 Handling and Storage of Refrigerants 1011 Normative References 10Informa

20、tive Appendix ARecommended Procedures and Practices 11Informative Appendix BTraining of Personnel.22Informative Appendix CAppendix A and B References.22Informative Appendix DBibliography.22NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the AS

21、HRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2013 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American Natio

22、nal Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is

23、merelyinformative and does not contain requirementsnecessary for conformance to the standard. It has notbeen processed according to the ANSI requirementsfor a standard and may contain material that has notbeen subject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative materi

24、al are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDWhen the potential link between release of chlorofluoro-carbons (CFCs) and depletion of stratospheric ozone wasfirst discovered, ASHRAE appointed a task group to studythe issue and to develop appropriate policy and program rec-ommendat

25、ions to the Board of Directors. In response, a com-prehensive action program was initiated. It includedresearch, education, communication, and training directedtoward the various aspects of the CFC issue.A part of this program was the development of a guide-line for reducing CFC refrigerant release.

26、 This was pub-lished as ASHRAE Guideline 3-1990, Reducing Emission ofFully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) Refrigerantsin Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Appli-cations.C1Since that date, it has been determined that allreleases of chlorine-containing refrigerants, hydrochloroflu

27、-orocarbons (HCFCs) as well as CFCs, contribute to deple-tion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Not long after, it wasalso determined that the release of CFCs, HCFCs, andhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) contributes to global warming,adding new urgency to controlling their release. In 1996,Guideline 3 was r

28、evised to reflect this need for a more strin-gent policy, and in 2002 ASHRAE published Standard 147,Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants fromRefrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Sys-tems.C2Standard 147 took many of the recommended prac-tices of Guideline 3 and made them manda

29、tory requirements,thus further increasing the stringency of the guideline, whichwas later withdrawn. However, some of the material fromGuideline 3 was preserved in the standard in informativeappendices that provide recommended practices that are notrequired by the standard.This revision of Standard

30、147 updates the 2002 editionby expanding the number of equipment types and systemscovered by providing significant requirements for field-erected systems, by adding more sections on leak checking,by adding requirements for systems with larger charges, byaddressing the shipping and handling of contai

31、ners forrefrigerants, and by making many formerly recommendedpractices mandatory.1. PURPOSEThis standard establishes practices and procedures thatwill reduce the inadvertent release of halogenated refriger-ants.2. SCOPEThe practices and procedures in this standard coverrelease reduction of halogenat

32、ed hydrocarbon and haloge-nated ether refrigerants in the following circumstances:a. from stationary refrigerating, air-conditioning, and heat-pump equipment and systems, andb. during manufacture, installation, testing, operation,maintenance, repair, and disposal of such equipment andsystems.3. DEFI

33、NITIONSAlthough the following terms may have broader interpre-tations elsewhere in the industry, their specific meanings asused in this standard are as follows.chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): a fully-halogenated (no hydro-gen remaining) halocarbon containing chlorine, fluorine, andcarbon atoms.equipment t

34、ype: a classification used to distinguish betweenthe different kinds of refrigerant-containing systems andequipment covered by this standard.Type 1, component: single-refrigerant-containing pieceof a refrigeration system (e.g., thermostatic expansionvalve TXV body, TXV power head, valves, receiver,c

35、ontrols, tube.)Type 2, small assembly: the extension of the refrigerantvolume by brazing/welding/mechanical connection ofcomponents and hardware can include other hardware.Internal volume is less than 61 in.3(1 L).Type 3, large assembly: a further extension of the refrig-erant volume by brazing/weld

36、ing/mechanical connectionof multiple components. Internal volume is equal to orgreater than 61 in.3(1 L).Type 4, appliance: averysmall,packagedpieceofrefrig-eration equipment that is installed by the consumer andhas a refrigerant design operating charge of less than 5 lb(2.3 kg) of refrigerant.Type

37、5, small, packaged equipment: A small piece ofrefrigeration equipment manufactured, assembled in itsentirety, typically installed by a contractor, and with arefrigerant design operating charge of less than 50 lb (23kg) per circuit.Type 6, small, assembled equipment: small refrigerationequipment that

38、 is assembled and installed by a profes-sional and contains a refrigerant design operating chargeof less than 50 lb (23 kg) per circuit. These are typicallytwo assemblies, a condensing unit and an evaporator/airhandler, but may have as many as three air handling units(AHU)/evaporators.Type 7, large,

39、 packaged equipment: a large piece ofrefrigeration equipment manufactured and assembled inits entirety in a manufacturing facility, installed by a ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted w

40、ithout ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013 3professional, and contains a refrigerant design operatingcharge of 50 lb (23 kg) or more per circuit.Type 8, large, assembled equipment: large refrigerationequipment that is assembled and installed by a profes-sional and contains

41、 a refrigerant design operating chargeof 50 lb (23 kg) or more per circuit. These are typicallytwo or three pieces consisting of compressor(s), evapora-tor(s), and condenser(s).Type 9, small, field-erected system: a system that isprofessionally and specifically designed and erected for aparticular a

42、pplication. With a refrigerant design operat-ing charge of less than 50 lb (23 kg), a system of this typemay contain multiple compressors, evaporators, andcondensers.Type 10, large, field-erected system: a system that isprofessionally and specifically designed and erected for aparticular application

43、. With a refrigerant design operat-ing charge of 50 lb (23 kg) or more of refrigerant, asystem of this type often contains multiple compressors(rack),evaporators,andcondensers,aswellasheatrecov-ery.halocarbon: any of a class of compounds containing carbon,one or more halogens (such as fluorine), and

44、 sometimeshydrogen.hermetically-sealed system: a factory-charged refrigeratingsystem that is welded, brazed, soldered, or otherwise joinedtogether in such a manner as to create a completely sealedsystem.holding charge: an inert gas used to temporarily create a posi-tive pressure and thereby avoid th

45、e ingress of air or moistureduring shipment or storage.hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC): a halocarbon thatcontains fluorine, chlorine, carbon, and hydrogen.hydrofluorocarbon (HFC): a halocarbon that contains onlyfluorine, carbon, and hydrogen.joint, brazed: a gas tight joint obtained by joining metal

46、partswith alloys that melt at temperatures higher than 800F(426C) but less than the melting temperatures of the joinedparts.joint, mechanical: a gas tight joint obtained by joining metalparts through a positive-holding mechanical construction.joint,soldered:agastightjointobtainedbyjoiningmetalpartsw

47、ith metallic mixtures or alloys that melt at temperaturesbetween 400F and 800F (204C and 426C).joint, welded: a gas tight joint obtained by the joining of metalparts in the plastic or molten state or through the use of fillermetals that melt at temperatures 800F (426C) and above.leak:aholeorvoidinth

48、ewallofanenclosure,capableofpass-ing liquid or gas from one side of the wall to the other underaction of pressure or concentration differential existing acrossthe wall, independent of the quantity of fluid flowing.maintenance: the upkeep of property or equipment in order tokeep it in an existing sta

49、te (as of repair, efficiency, or validity)and to preserve it from failure or decline.maintenance, corrective: a type of maintenance programwhere failures are corrected or repaired as they occur. Correc-tive action is always performed after failure occurs.maintenance, planned: a type of maintenance program inwhichresourcesareinvestedinprudentlyselectedfunctionsatspecified intervals. In this type of program, all functions andresources are planned, budgeted, and scheduled.maintenance, predictive: a type of maintenance program inwhich statistically supported