ASHRAE 194-2012 Method of Test for Direct-Expansion Ground-Source Heat Pumps.pdf

1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 194-2012Method of Test forDirect-ExpansionGround-SourceHeat PumpsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on October 2, 2012; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on October 26, 2012;and by the American National Standards Institute on October 27, 2012.ASHRAE Standards are schedule

2、d to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number is the year ofASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE Web site(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2

3、305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2012 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary

4、 consensus standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE.Consensus is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved thisstandard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. T

5、his signifies the concurrenceof more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that aneffort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compl

6、iancemandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommitt

7、ee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE

8、 should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Stan

9、dards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Stand

10、ards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rating

11、purposes,bysuggestingsafepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completel

12、y voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 194CognizantTC:TC 6.8,Thermal StorageSPLS Liaison: Craig P. Wray*Deno

13、tes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationJoe L. Parsons, Jr., Chair* Charles High, Secretary* Harvey M. Sachs*William E. Murphy, Vice Chair* Rupert Alfiler Christopher G. Stone*Wayne ReedyASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20122013Kenneth W. Cooper, Chair Julie M. Ferguson

14、Janice C. PetersonWilliam F. Walter, Vice-Chair Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywacz Ira G. PostonKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall Douglas T. ReindlCharles S. Barnaby Rita M. Harrold James R. TaubyHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Adam W. Hinge James K. VallortSteven F. Bruning Debra

15、 H. Kennoy Craig P. WrayDavid R. Conover Jay A. Kohler Charles H. Culp, III, BOD ExOSteven J. Emmerich Rick A. Larson Constantinos A. Balaras, COMark P. ModeraStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmi

16、ssion in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 194-2012,Method ofTest for Direct-Expansion Ground-Source Heat PumpsSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions and Nomenclature 24 Classifications. 45 Test Req

17、uirements . 46 Method of Testing and Calculations . 97 Measurements 138 Reference Properties and Data 139 References . 14NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2012 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Ci

18、rcle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use o

19、nly. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 194-2012(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor con

20、formance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThi

21、s standard was prepared under the auspices ofASHRAE. It may be used, in whole or in part, by an associa-tion or government agency with due credit to ASHRAE.Adherence is strictly on a voluntary basis and merely in theinterest of obtaining uniform standards throughout theindustry.1. PURPOSEThe purpose

22、 of this standard is to provide test proceduresfor rating factory-made residential, commercial, and indus-trialdirect-expansionground-sourceheatpumps,asdefinedinSection 3. In this standard, the terms “heat pumps” or “equip-ment” may be used to designate direct-expansion ground-source heat pumps.The

23、heat-pump capacity range covered in this standard is5.3to52.7kW(18,000to180,000Btu/h)andallstandardvolt-age and frequency ratings.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard provides test procedures for determiningheating capacity, cooling capacity, coefficients of perfor-mance (COPs), and energy efficiency ratio (EE

24、R) for sys-tems, as defined in Section 3.2.2 This standard applies only to electrically driven,mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration systems.2.3 This standard applies to the testing of heat pumps withan outdoor refrigerant to test liquid heat exchanger used tocondition the refrigerant entering

25、the system. This standarddoes not apply to individual assemblies for separate use.3. DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE3.1 Definitions.All terms in this document shall follow thestandard industry definitions in the current edition ofASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilating, Air Condi-tioning and Refrige

26、ration (1911) unless otherwise defined inthis section.coefficient of performance, cooling (COPc): ratio of net totalcooling capacity in watts to effective power input of the equip-ment in watts at any given set of test conditions.coefficientofperformance,heating(COPh):ratioofnetheat-ing capacity in

27、watts to effective power input of the equipmentin watts at any given set of test conditions.direct-expansion ground-source heat exchanger: continuoussealed-tube heat exchanger with refrigerant supply and refrig-erant return. This may be composed of several tubes and maybe supplied with each heat pum

28、p, and the heat exchanger(s)may be factory or field assembled. For purposes of testing inaccordance with this standard, the direct-expansion ground-source heat exchanger (ground loop) is simulated by a refrig-erant-to-test liquid heat exchanger (earth loop simulator).direct-expansion(DX)ground-sourc

29、eheatpump:heatpumpconsisting of (1) one or more factory-made assemblies thatnormally include an indoor conditioning coil with air- orwater- moving means, (2) compressor(s), and (3) a subsurfacerefrigerant piping loop system that functions as a heatexchanger, including means to provide a heating func

30、tion,cooling function, or both. The separate assemblies shall bedesigned to be used together. In this standard, the terms“equipment” or “heat pumps” may be used to mean DX-to-airheat pumps or DX-to-water heat pumps.For purposes of testing, the use of an outdoor refrigerantto test liquid heat exchang

31、er shall be utilized with othermatchedsystemassemblies.Theheatexchangerenergycalcu-lationsshallbedeterminedbymeansoftheoutdoortestliquid-enthalpy method, detailed in Section 6.Direct-expansionground-sourceheatpumpsshallprovidethe function of circulating air or water cooling and/or heatingwith contro

32、lled temperature and may include the functions ofpotablewaterheating,aircleaning,dehumidifying,andhumid-ifying.Models designated as cooling-only units need not includethe heating function, and models designated heating-onlyunits need not include the cooling function.effective power input: average el

33、ectrical power input, Ee,inwatts, to the equipment within a defined interval of time. Thisis the sum of the following, as appropriate (see Section 6):Power input for operation of the compressor, excludingsupplemental electric heat, Ec.Power input of all control and safety devices of theequipment, Ec

34、s.Power input to fans, Ef, and power adjustments for fansand pumps, Efaand Ep, respectively, whether providedwith the equipment, and as appropriate (see Section 6).energy efficiency ratio (EER): ratio of net total coolingcapacity in Btu/h to effective power input in watts at any givenset of rating c

35、onditions.heating capacity: for DX-to-air systems, rate in watts (Btu/h)atwhichtheequipmentaddsheattotheairpassingthroughtheindoor coil under specified conditions of operation. For DX-to-water systems, rate in watts (Btu/h) at which the equipmentadds heat to the water passing through the indoor heat

36、exchanger under specified conditions of operation.I-P (Inch-Pound): U.S. customary system of heating capacity: for DX-to-air systems, heating capacityin watts (Btu/h) with fan power adjustment. For DX-to-watersystems, heating capacity in watts (Btu/h) with indoor-sidepump power total cooling capac

37、ity: for DX-to-air systems, total cool-ing capacity in watts (Btu/h) with fan power adjustment. ForDX-to-water systems, total cooling capacity in watts (Btu/h)with indoor-side pump power adjustment.part-load test: test conducted at part-load test conditions. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use

38、 only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 194-2012 3shall:where“shall”or“shallnot”isusedforaspecifiedprovi-sion, that provision is mandatory if compliance with the stan-

39、dard is claimed.should: “should” is used to indicate provisions that are notmandatory but that are desirable as good practice.SI (Systme Internationale): international system of unitsusing the metric system, augmented by scientific units used intechnology.soak: to subject equipment being tested to s

40、pecified condi-tions for a specified period of time prior to initiating operationof the equipment.standard air: dry air having a mass density of 1.204 kg/m3(0.075 lbm/ft3) at 20C (68F) and at a barometric pressure of101.324 kPa (29.92 in. Hg).test frequency:frequencyorfrequenciesinhertzshownonthenam

41、eplate of the equipment.test liquid: liquid used in the refrigerant-to-test liquid heatexchanger (ground loop simulator) shall be an antifreezemixture of water and 15% methanol by weight.test voltages: voltage(s) in volts (V) shown on the nameplateof the equipment.total cooling capacity: for DX-to-a

42、ir systems, rate in watts(Btu/h)atwhichtheequipmentremovesheatfromtheairpass-ing through the indoor coil under specified conditions of oper-ation. For DX-to-water systems, rate in watts (Btu/h) at whichthe equipment removes heat from the water passing throughthe indoor heat exchanger under specified

43、 conditions of oper-ation.sensible cooling capacity: rate in watts (Btu/h) at whichthe DX-to-air equipment removes sensible heat from airpassing through the indoor coil under specified condi-tions of operation.latent cooling capacity: rate in watts (Btu/h) at which theDX-to-air equipment removes lat

44、ent heat from air pass-ing through the indoor coil under specified conditions ofoperation.water: liquid used in the indoor-side water-to-refrigerant heatexchanger.3.2 Nomenclaturecpa1= Specific heat of air entering the indoor side,J/kgdaC (Btu/lbmdaF)cpa2= Specific heat of air leaving the indoor sid

45、e,J/kgdaC (Btu/lbmdaF)cpl= Specific heat of liquid (water),J/kgdaC (Btu/lbmF)cptl= Specific heat of the test liquid,J/kgdaC (Btu/lbmF)Kp= Power coefficient, indoor-side pump,W/(L/skPa) W/gpmpsi)Ec= Power input to compressor, WEcs= Power input to controls and safety devices, WEe= Power input, effecti

46、ve, WEf= Power input to fan(s), WEfa= Power adjustment for fan(s), WEp= Power adjustment for indoor liquid pump, WEtlp= Power input to outdoor test liquid pump, WFRp= Flow rate, indoor-side pump, L/s (gpm)ha1= Enthalpy, air entering indoor side,J/kgda(Btu/lbmda)ha2= Enthalpy, air leaving indoor side

47、,J/kgda(Btu/lbmda)pr3= Pressure of refrigerant entering equipment,kPa (psig)Pwd= Pressure differential, inlet to outlet, indoor-sidewater heat exchanger, kPa (psi)qthi= Total heating capacity, indoor-side data,W (Btu/h)qlci= Latent cooling capacity, indoor-side data,W (Btu/h)qsci= Sensible cooling c

48、apacity, indoor-side data,W (Btu/h)qtci= Total cooling capacity, indoor-side data,W (Btu/h)qtlco= Total cooling capacity, test liquid-side data,W (Btu/h)qtlho= Total heating capacity, test liquid-side data,W (Btu/h)Qmi= Airflow, indoor, measured, m3/s (cfm)tad1= Temperature, dry bulb, air entering t

49、he indoorside, C (F)tad2= Temperature, dry bulb, air leaving the indoorside, C (F)taw1= Temperature, wet bulb, air entering the indoorside, C (F)taw2= Temperature, wet bulb, air leaving the indoorside, C (F)tl3= Temperature of the liquid (water) entering theequipment, C (F)tl4= Temperature of the liquid (water) leaving theequipment, C (F)tr3= Temperature of refrigerant entering equipment,C (F)ttl3= Temperature of the test liquid entering theequipment, C (F)ttl4= Temperature of the test liquid leaving theequi