1、 Advanced Energy Design GuideforSmall Hospitals and Healthcare FacilitiesThis is an ASHRAE Design Guide. Design Guides are developed underASHRAEs Special Publication procedures and are not consensus documents.This document is an application manual that provides voluntary recommenda-tions for conside
2、ration in achieving greater levels of energy savings relative tominimum standards. (2007), American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form i
3、s not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE Special Project 127.ADVANCED ENERGY DESIGN GUIDESMALL HEALTHCARE COMMITTEEAEDG STEERING COMMITTEEShanti Pless, ChairMerle McBride Jeff BoldtVice Chair ASHRAE RepresentativeDon Collive
4、r John MurphySteering Committee Liaison ASHRAE RepresentativeBernard Cole Dennis WesselAIA Representative TC 9.6 RepresentativeJohn Gill Michael MeteyerIES Representative Member At-LargeTom Myers Bruce HunnIES Representative ASHRAE Staff LiasonWalt Vernon Lilas PrattUSGBC/ASHE Representative ASHRAE
5、Staff LiaisonDon Colliver, ChairJessyca Henderson John HoganAIA Consultant (ASHRAE TC 2.8)Gordon Holness Adrienne ThomleASHRAE Consultant (ASHRAE TC 7.6)Rita Harrold Mick SchwedlerIES Consultant (ASHRAE Standard 90.1)Brendan Owens Dru CrawleyUSGBC U.S. DOEAny updates/errata to this publication will
6、be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.Advanced Energy Design GuideforSmall Hospitals and Healthcare FacilitiesAchieving 30% Energy Savings Toward a Net Zero Energy BuildingAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.The American Inst
7、itute of ArchitectsIlluminating Engineering Society of North AmericaU.S. Green Building CouncilU.S. Department of EnergyISBN 978-1-933742-66-32009 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, N.E.Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.
8、Printed in the United States of AmericaCover design and illustrations by Emily Luce, Designer.Cover photograph courtesy of Cogdell Spencer ERDMAN; copyright Cogdell Spencer ERDMAN. ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly dis-claims any du
9、ty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be describedherein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement,warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, de
10、sign, or the like. ASHRAE does notwarrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with anystatement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed bythe user.No part of this book ma
11、y be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who mayquote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, p
12、hotocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted atwww.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAdvanced energy design guide for small hospitals and healthcare facilities : achieving 30% energy savin
13、gs toward a net zeroenergy building.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.Summary: “Sixth in a series that provides recommendations for achieving 30% energy savings over minimum requirementsof ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999 for small hospitals and healthcare facilities. Helps achieve advan
14、ced energy sav-ings without detailed calculations or analyses. Includes recommendations for all 8 U.S. climate zones“-Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-933742-66-3 (softcover : alk. paper) 1. Hospitals-Energy conservation. 2. Health facilities-Energy conser-vation. I. American Society of Heating, Ref
15、rigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. DNLM: 1. Maintenance and engineering, Hospital. RA967.9.A44 2009333.7964-dc222009037948ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate Edit
16、orAmelia SandersAssistant EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen ComstockAcknowledgments IXAbbrevia
17、tions and Acronyms XIForeword: A Message to Healthcare Systems and Hospital Administrators XVEnhanced Healing Enviroment xviAttract Patients and Better Recruit/Retain the Best Doctors and Skilled Nurses xviLower Construction Costs/Faster Payback xviReduced Operating Costs xviiReduced Greenhouse Gas
18、Emmissions Benefit the Community xviiChapter 1 Introduction 1Goal of this Guide 2Scope 2Healthcare Prototypes 3Achieving 30% Energy Savings 5How to Use this Guide 6Chapter 2 Integrated Process of Achieving Energy Savings 7Benefits of Integrated Design 8Features of Integrated Design 9The Integrated D
19、esign Process 9Pre-design (PD) (or Planning and Programming) Phase 10Design Phase 11Construction Phase 13ContentsVI ADVANCED ENERGY DESIGN GUIDE FOR SMALL HOSPITALS AND HEALTHCARE FACILITIESAcceptance, Occupancy, and Operation Phase 13Chapter 3 Recommendations by Climate 15Zone 1 18Zone 2 21Zone 3 2
20、4Zone 4 27Zone 5 30Zone 6 33Zone 7 36Zone 8 39Chapter 4 Technology Examples and Case Studies 43Climate Zone 2Peter and Paula Fasseas Cancer Clinic at University Medical Center 44Climate Zone 2Cheyenne One Medical Office Building 46Climate Zone 3Contra Costa Regional Medical Center Ambulatory Care Fa
21、cility 48Climate Zone 3Riverside Medical Clinic 50Climate Zone 5Dana-Farber/Brigham and Womens Cancer Center 52Climate Zone 6The Heart Doctors Heart Lilas Pratt, whose organizational skills and dedication tothe project enabled us to complete this Guide in a timely manner; and Elisabeth Parrishof ASH
22、RAE Special Publications for the editing and layout of the book. This Guidecould not have been developed without all of thier contributions.Finally, the committee greatly appreciates Ian Doebber and Eric Bonnema of theNational Renewable Energy Laboratory for providing the detailed simulation and ana
23、ly-sis support for this project. Shanti PlessSP127 ChairJuly 2009A = area, ft2AABC = Associated Air Balance CouncilACCA = Air Conditioning Contractors of AmericaAEDG-SHC = Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Hospitals and Healthcare FacilitiesAFUE = annual fuel utilization efficiency, dimensionle
24、ssAHA = American Hospital AssociationAHU = air-handling unitAIA = American Institute of ArchitectsANSI = American National Standards InstituteASHE = American Society for Healthcare EngineeringASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning EngineersASTM = ASTM InternationalB
25、AS = building automation systemBF = ballast factorbhp = brake horsepowerBoD = Basis of DesignBtu = British thermal unitC-factor = thermal conductance, Btu/(hft2F)CFL = compact fluorescent lampcfm = cubic feet per minuteCHP = Advanced Energy Design Guide code for combined heat and power systemsCHW =
26、chilled waterc.i. = continuous insulationCKI = Commercial Kitchens InitiativeCM = construction managerCMH = ceramic metal halideCMS = Centers for Medicare lighting power savings during daylight hours incontrolled spaces can be as high as 87%.Related research also shows that the ability to control th
27、eir personal environment,including bedside control of lighting and window shades, can improve patients psycho-logical outlooks, rates of healing, and quality of stay. According to the American Society of Healthcare Engineers (ASHE), the health ofpatients, staff, and visitors can be profoundly affect
28、ed by the quality of the indoor air. Arecent study2completed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)reported that improvements to indoor environment could reduce healthcare costs andwork losses from communicable respiratory disease by 9% to 20%. Advanced, energy-efficient heating and coo
29、ling systems can also create cleaner, healthier indoor environ-ments that reduce the threat of infection for both patients and staff. Advanced energy-efficient systems can also be much quieter than previous technol-ogy. This produces quieter, more comfortable, and more productive spaces. This alltra
30、nslates to better patient outcomes, shorter patient stays, reduced sick-days for health-care staff, and lower overall costs.ATTRACT PATIENTS AND BETTER RECRUIT/RETAIN THE BEST DOCTORS AND SKILLED NURSESA growing advantage of energy-efficient, sustainable healthcare facilities is marketdifferentiatio
31、n. More and more hospitals are demonstrating their commitment to theirlocal community and the global environment while enhancing their bottom-line perfor-mance. An enhanced patient experience translates to improved satisfaction survey results.There is no better promotion for a hospital than the reco
32、mmendation of satisfied patientsand families where the facility and service exceeded their expectations. And the abilityto recruit and retain the best and brightest doctors and skilled nurses will be improvedby providing an efficient, comfortable, clean, and healthy place to work and treatpatients.
33、Improving these attributes will help the physicians, nurses, and staff to deliverhigh-quality care.LOWER CONSTRUCTION COSTS/FASTER PAYBACKThoughtfully designed, energy-efficient hospitals can cost less to build than typicalhospitals. For example, optimizing the envelope to match the climate can subs
34、tantiallyreduce the size of the mechanical systems. A hospital with strategically designed glazing1. R.S. Ulrich, “How Design Impacts Wellness,” Healthcare Forum Journal 20 (1992): 23.2. Brett C. Singer, Paul Mathew, Steve Greenberg, Bill Tschudi, and Dale Sartor (Lawrence BerkeleyNational Laborator
35、y) and Susan Strom and Walter Vernon (Mazzetti Nash Lipsey Burch). 2009. Hospitalenergy benchmarking guidance. LBNL Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.FOREWORD XVIIwill have lower mechanical costs than the one withoutand will cost less to build. Ingeneral, an energy-efficien
36、t hospital requires less heating, costs less to maintain, has less expensive installation, requires fewer lighting fixtures due to more efficient lighting, allows for downsized heating systems due to better insulation and windows, and allows for downsized cooling systems with a properly designed day
37、lighting systemand a better envelope.Some strategies may cost more up front, but the energy they save means they oftenpay for themselves within a few years. REDUCED OPERATING COSTS According to the most recent Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey(CBECS)1conducted by the Energy Information
38、Administration (EIA), the average hos-pital in North America consumes nearly 250% more energy than the average commercialbuilding. By using energy efficiently and lowering a hospitals energy bills, hundreds ofthousands of dollars can be redirected each year into upgrading existing facilities, care-g
39、ivers salaries, and investing in the latest technology in medical equipment.Strategic up-front investments in energy efficiency provide significant long-termsavings. In the financial performance of the hospital, every dollar saved in energy andoperating costs is equal to generating $20 growth in new
40、 top line revenues. In an average hospital, lighting uses a large portion of the overall energy budget.Therefore the design should include an energy-efficient lighting design and efficientlighting fixtures but also should evaluate opportunities for dimming controls and multi-level switching systems.
41、 In the many areas where the design team brings quality day-light into the space, lighting controls can be used to regulate the output of electric lightsto optimize the quality of the visual environment while saving significant amounts ofenergy. The smart use of a sites climatic resources and more e
42、fficient envelope design arekeys to reducing a buildings overall energy requirements. Efficient equipment andenergy management programs then help meet those requirements more cost-effectively. Because of growing water demand and shrinking aquifers, the price of water isescalating in many areas. Savi
43、ng water can thus save money but also can generally saveenergy. Lower operating costs mean less fluctuation in budgets because of price instabilitiesof energy. Purchasing energy efficiency is buying into energy futures at a known fixedcost. REDUCED GREENHOUSE GAS EMMISSIONS BENEFIT THE COMMUNITY Acc
44、ording to some estimates, buildings are responsible for nearly 40% of all carbondioxide emissions annually in the United States. Carbon dioxide, which is producedwhen fossil fuel is burned, is the primary contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.Healthcare facilities can be a part of the solution whe
45、n they reduce their consumption offossil fuels for heating, cooling, and electricity. The local community, patients, and staffwill appreciate such forward-thinking leadership.1. ASHRAE, 2007 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications (Atlanta: American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng
46、ineers, Inc., 2007).1The Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Hospitals and Healthcare Facili-ties (AEDG-SHC; the Guide) is intended to provide a simple approach for contractorsand designers who create small to medium size acute care, outpatient and inpatientbuildings, up to 90,000 ft2. Applicatio
47、n of the recommendations in the Guide shouldresult in small healthcare facilities with 30% energy savings when compared to thosesame facilities designed to the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Stan-dard 90.1-1999. This document contains recommendations and is not a minimum code orstandard.
48、It is intended to be used in addition to existing codes and standards and is notintended to circumvent them. This Guide represents a way, but not the only way, to buildenergy-efficient small healthcare buildings that use significantly less energy than thosebuilt to minimum code requirements. The rec
49、ommendations in this Guide provide bene-fits for the owner while maintaining quality and functionality of the space.The mission of a healthcare facility is to facilitate the care and treatment of peopleof varying stages of disease or disability. The performance requirements of a buildingintended to serve these needs will be the driving force behind most design decisions forthe building, and the benefits
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