ASHRAE 90426-2004 Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits (Includes Access to Additional Content)《为商业大楼的能源审计而设的程序》.pdf

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3、r may any partof this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselec-tronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE.ASHRAE StaffSpecial PublicationsMildred GeshwilerEditorErin S. HowardAssistant EditorChristina Helm

4、sAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsSecretaryPublishing ServicesBarry KurianManagerJayne JacksonProduction AssistantPublisherW. Stephen ComstockvContentsPREFACE viiACKNOWLEDGMENTS ixTHE ENERGY AUDIT PROCESS 1Objectives 1Outline 1Procedures 2Organizing Data 3Preliminary Energy Use Analysis 3Walk-Throu

5、gh Data 3Building and Systems Report 3Energy Analysis Summary and Recommendations 3LEVELS OF EFFORT 5Overview 5Preliminary Energy Use Analysis 5Level I Walk-Through Analysis 5Level II Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis 5Level III Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications 5Discussion 6

6、Preliminary Energy Use Analysis 6Level I Walk-Through Analysis 7Level II Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis 7Level III Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications 9GUIDELINE FORMS 11Preliminary Energy Use Analysis 13Building Characteristics 14Primary Building Type 14vi Procedures for Co

7、mmercial Building Energy AuditsEnergy Performance Summary 15Energy and Cost Indices 15Analysis of Metered Electrical Demand 15Comparison with Similar Buildings 16Conversion Multipliers 17Water Volume Conversion 17Preliminary Building Use 18Overall Building Schedule 18Preliminary Energy Allocation to

8、 End Uses 19Metered Consumption Monthly Data 20Delivered Consumption Monthly Data 21Walk-Through Data 23Space Function and System Summary 24Revisions to Original Building Functions 24Function Types 24HVAC Types 26Lighting Types 26Detailed Usage Schedule 27Building Shell Characteristics 28Operation a

9、nd Maintenance 28Lighting Systems Data 29HVAC System Data 30Unoccupied Setback 31Special Loads 32Building and Systems Report 33Envelope Characteristics 34Construction Type Codes 34Lighting System Characteristics 35HVAC System Characteristics 36Inventory of Major HVAC Equipment 37Domestic Hot Water S

10、ystem Characteristics 38Other System Characteristics 39Energy Analysis Summary and Recommendations 41Energy Analysis Summary 42Components of Annual Energy Use 43Recommended Energy Conservation Measures 44viiPrefaceThis publication has been developed as a result of two earlier assessments of theenerg

11、y auditing process in commercial buildings by ASHRAE.1,2 Special Project 56developed the scope of work for various levels of analysis, and Research Project 669developed a standard format for reporting the results of analysis.In combining the results of these assessments, the purpose of this publicat

12、ion istwofold:1. To provide purchasers and providers of energy audit services with a completedefinition of good procedures for an energy survey and analysis.2. To provide a format for defining buildings and their energy use that will allowdata to be shared in meaningful ways.This publication address

13、es these needs through the description of typical proceduresfor each level of analysis and uniform means of reporting building, system, and energyuse characteristics, as well as the results of the analysis.No attempt has been made to prescribe field survey methods or the analytical toolsto be used.

14、This publication specifically avoids a “cookbook” approach, recognizing thatall buildings are different and each analyst needs to exercise a substantial amount ofjudgment. Instead, this publication sets out generalized procedures to guide the analystand the building owner and provides a uniform meth

15、od of reporting basic information.The readers attention is called to the forms in sections entitled “Preliminary EnergyUse Analysis” and “Walk-Through Data.” These forms utilize standard definitions forbuilding area, building type, and energy use. In addition, data are requested on the vari-ous spac

16、e functions and systems in the building. By standardizing definitions and report-ing methods, it is intended that the information requested can contribute to theestablishment of a large, useful database of building functions and energy use. High-lighted areas on the forms were incorporated into a tr

17、ial database by Research Project669. Therefore, the analyst is urged to provide all possible information in these two sec-tions in the format provided.Other ASHRAE documents that would be useful in completing a comprehensiveengineering energy analysis are:2003 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Applications, chapt

18、er 35, “Energy Use andManagement” and chapter 40, “Building Energy Monitoring.”ASHRAE Standard 1001995, Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings.ASHRAE Standard 1051984 (RA 90), Standard Methods of Measuring andExpressing Building Energy Performance.1. An assessment of the Energy Auditing Process i

19、n Commercial Buildings, SP-56 Report to Pacific Northwest laboratory, December 1987.2. ASHRAE Research Project 669: Evaluation of Proposed ASHRAE Energy Audit Forms and Procedures, 1997.ixAcknowledgmentsThis publication is the result of ongoing efforts by the Systems Energy UtilizationTechnical Comm

20、ittee (TC 9.6 through most of the work on this project; renumbered toTC 7.6 in 2003) to develop definitions of good procedures for energy survey and analy-sis, and to provide a format for defining buildings and their energy use, to allow data tobe shared in meaningful ways.The effort to have the tec

21、hnical research of the TC made available in an ASHRAESpecial Publication was led by TC member Dick Pearson. Significant input and leader-ship came from Ish Sud during his tenure as TC chair and since, and TC member JohnCowan. Mike MacDonald, Bob Fuller, Hashem Akbari, Dieter Bartel, Wayne Robertson,

22、and others, have provided useful comments along the process of development. The TCapproved publication of the document in June 1999.Adam HingeChair, TC 7.6, Systems Energy UtilizationApril 20041The Energy Audit ProcessOBJECTIVES The objectives of an energy analysis or audit are to identify and devel

23、op modifica-tions that will reduce the energy use and/or cost of operating a building. The resultsshould be presented in a format that will provide the information needed by an owner/operator to decide if any, some, or all of the recommended modifications should beimplemented. An energy analysis inc

24、ludes the following steps:1. Collect and analyze historical energy use.2. Study the building and its operational characteristics.3. Identify potential modifications that will reduce the energy use and/or cost.4. Perform an engineering and economic analysis of potential modifications.5. Prepare a ran

25、k-ordered list of appropriate modifications.6. Prepare a report to document the analysis process and results.OUTLINE The key elements of a commercial building energy audit/analysis are as follows:1. Analysis of two or more years of utility consumption and cost, review of build-ing plans, and a walk-

26、through of the building itself to establish:Type of building, principal use, and area, ft2.Energy Utilization Index (EUI): (annual energy use) kBtu/ft2per year.Cost index: $/ft2per year.Breakdown of various spaces within the building by function, hours of use,and area.Determine if efficiency may be

27、affected by building functions that differ fromthe original functional intent of the building.Determine if any maintenance problems or practices may affect efficiency.Comparison of energy and cost indices of the building with one or more data-bases.2. Description and analysis of the energy-using sys

28、tems of the building, resultingfrom on-site observation, measurement, and engineering calculations, includ-ing:EnvelopeLightingHVAC Domestic hot waterLaundryFood preparation2 Procedures for Commercial Building Energy AuditsConveying systemsOther systems3. As a result of engineering analysis and econ

29、omic calculations, develop:Breakdown of the components of annual energy use and cost.Recommended energy conservation measures, including predicted savingsand cost to implement.A description and cost estimate of repairs that are needed in order for energyconservation measures to be effective.A descri

30、ption and cost estimate of measurement and verification methodsneeded to determine the actual effectiveness of measures.Energy analysis summary:Present energy use and costUltimate target for energy use and costSavings from recommended measuresComparison of current recommendations to ultimate targetP

31、ROCEDURES An engineering energy audit/analysis of a facility should provide sufficient informa-tion for the owner/operator and/or manager of a facility to understand the energy usecharacteristics of the building. This analysis breaks down the total energy use and costfor the facility into various en

32、d uses, such as heating, air conditioning, lighting, etc., andshows the potential for savings.The engineering analysis should also provide the owner/operator with all informa-tion needed to commit necessary resources to reduce the buildings energy use and/orcost. This includes outlining any changes

33、in the facilitys operation and maintenance,including different personnel requirements, as well as presenting an economic analysisof any capital improvement projects.The engineering analyst is encouraged to follow a systematic approach in identify-ing, selecting, and ranking recommended measures. How

34、ever, the appropriateness of ameasure depends not only on technical issues but also on institutional and organizationalissues, such as the regulatory environment, financing options, and occupant require-ments. Therefore, a modification to a piece of equipment or an activity that is highlyeffective u

35、nder some conditions may have little or no effect under others.Different levels of energy analysis can be performed on any given building, or groupof buildings, providing information that may be used for widely varying purposes. Abuilding owner contemplating major energy-saving capital improvements

36、will need asignificantly higher level of confidence in the analysis than an owner who simply wishesto compare the level of efficiency of the building relative to other, similar buildings.As a result, the levels of analysis have been organized into the following categories:Preliminary Energy Use Anal

37、ysisLevel I AnalysisWalk-Through AnalysisLevel II AnalysisEnergy Survey and AnalysisLevel III AnalysisDetailed Analysis of Capital Intensive ModificationsThe different levels are described here, along with the typical process of analysisand report contents for each level. Each succeeding level of an

38、alysis builds upon the pre-vious level. A joint decision should be made by the building owner and energy analyst asto the level that is appropriate for the owners needs.This publication is intended to provide guidance to engineering energy analysts andto provide some standardization of the results o

39、f the analysis. It will also be useful tobuilding owners and operating staff to provide an understanding of results that can beexpected from the engineering analyst, as well as the level of analysis that may be appro-priate for a facility.The Energy Audit Process 3ORGANIZING DATA The forms to be use

40、d with an energy analysis are generalized and presented as sec-tions of a typical report in subsequent portions of this publication. It is intended that theforms in each of the four sections be utilized whenever an energy analysis is performed,although a Level I analysis (walk-through) will make lit

41、tle or no use of the forms in thesection on “Building and Systems Report.” As the engineering analysis becomes morerigorous, so does the use of the forms. They are summarized in the following sections.Preliminary EnergyUse Analysis1The utility data and general building characteristics required in th

42、e “PreliminaryEnergy Use Analysis” section can usually be obtained from the owner/operator of thebuilding before a visit to the building. The forms can be used to develop energy and costindices, to compare with similar buildings and to make a rough determination of the ben-efits of further analysis.

43、Walk-Through Data1The information required in the “Walk-Through Data” section includes informationon space functions and systems, which can be obtained without conducting a detailedanalysis of the building. Highlighted areas in these sections have been incorporated intoa trial database by ASHRAE Res

44、earch Project 669.Building andSystems ReportThis section is intended to provide guidance to the analyst as to the type of informa-tion to be collected and presented. No attempt is made to suggest methods of data collec-tion or to specify a format for presentation.Energy AnalysisSummary andRecommenda

45、tionsThis section provides a format for reporting the results and recommendations of ananalysis, including a component breakdown of energy use and recommended energyconservation measures, accompanied by an estimate of capital cost and savings for eachrecommendation. System interaction must be proper

46、ly accounted for when combiningmore than one modification. The economics of each modification may vary, dependingupon the order in which they are accomplished.1. The development of the uniform reporting methods in these two sections will facilitate sharing of data and may eventually lead to the deve

47、lopment of a building energy and functional usage database for use by the profession.5Levels of EffortDepending on the physical and energy-use characteristics of a building and theneeds and resources of the owner, these steps can require different levels of effort. Acommercial building energy analys

48、is can generally be classified into the following levelsof effort.OVERVIEWPreliminary EnergyUse AnalysisAnalyze historic utility use and cost. Develop the Energy Utilization Index (EUI) ofthe building. Compare the building EUI to similar buildings to determine if further engi-neering study and analy

49、sis are likely to produce significant energy savings.Level IWalk-Through AnalysisAssess a buildings energy cost and efficiency by analyzing energy bills and con-ducting a brief on-site survey of the building. A Level I energy analysis will identify andprovide a savings and cost analysis of low-cost/no-cost measures. It will also provide alisting of potential capital improvements that merit further consideration, and an initialjudgment of potential costs and savings. A walk-through analysis of a facility will utilizeall the forms in this publication