1、 Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Datacom Environments 2009, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted withou
2、t ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared in cooperation with TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities,Technology Spaces and Electronic Equipment.Any updates/errata to this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.American Society of He
3、ating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.Particulate and Gaseous Contaminationin Datacom EnvironmentsISBN 978-1-933742-60-12009 American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Printe
4、d in the United States of AmericaPrinted on post-consumer waste using soy-based inks.Cover photograph used with permission of Crispin R. Semmens.ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expresslydisclaims any duty to investigate, any product, servic
5、e, process, procedure, design, or the like that may bedescribed herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constituteendorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warr
6、ant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not neces-sarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information inthis publication is assumed by the user.No part of this book may be reproduced without permission i
7、n writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer whomay quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of thisbook be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photo-copying, recording, or otherwit
8、hout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission shouldbe submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions._Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataParticulate and gaseous contamination in datacom environments.p. cm. - (ASHRAE datacom series ; bk. 8)Includes bibliographical reference
9、s and index.Summary: “Provides the reader with information they need to maintain a high level of IT equipment depend-ability and availability by identifying datacom equipment susceptibility to particulate and gaseous contamina-tion and the operational impact, as well as strategies for prevention, co
10、ntrol, contamination testing, and analysis“-Provided by publisher.ISBN 978-1-933742-60-1 (softcover)1. Clean rooms. 2. Data processing service centers-Protection. 3. Electronic data processing-Equipment and supplies-Protection. 4. Air filters. 5. Dust control. 6. Contamination (Technology) 7. Decont
11、amination (from gases, chemicals, etc.) I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. TH7694.P37 2009697.9316-dc222009016962ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Ma
12、dison WalkerAssociate EditorAmelia SandersAssistant EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPUBLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen Comstock
13、ContentsAcknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixChapter 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 General Description of Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Gene
14、ral Description of Gaseous Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 Contaminant Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.4 How Contaminants Settle on Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 Differences Between Human Health and Datacom Equipm
15、ent Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.6 Overview of Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Chapter 2 Datacom Equipment Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 Reasons for Increased Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.1 Restriction of Hazardous Substances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 Airborne Contamination Ingress Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4 Particulate Matter
17、Properties and Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.4.1 Areas Susceptible to Particulate Matter Accumulation . . . 132.5 Gaseous Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.5.1 Gas Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18、 . . 19Chapter 3 Industry Specifications and Guidelines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.2 Published Guidelines and Limits for Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . 24vi Contents3.2.1 GR-63-CORE/NEBSTelec
19、ommunications . . . . . . . . . . .243.2.2 IEC 60721-3-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253.2.3 Federal Standard 209E-100,000 (M6.5) and ISO 14644-1 Class 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263.3 Published Guidelines and Limits for Gaseous Contami
20、nants . . . .28Chapter 4 Prevention and Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314.2 Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、 . . .324.2.1 Risk Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324.2.2 Facility Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334.2.3 Computer Room Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334.2.4 Computer Room Construction
22、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354.2.5 HVAC System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404.2.6 Fire Suppression System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .454.2.7 Mechanical Malfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
23、4.2.8 Operational Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474.3 Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494.3.1 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494.3.2 Equipment Fail
24、uresSevere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494.3.3 Equipment FailuresNonsevere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504.3.4 Periodic Maintenance Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504.3.5 Nonroutine Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、524.4 Special Considerations Based on Datacom Equipment Center Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Chapter 5 Contamination Testing and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555.
26、2 Airborne Particle Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565.3 Total Suspended Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585.4 Mass Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595.5 Corrosiveness of Par
27、ticulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Particulate and Gaseous Contamination in Datacom Environments vii5.7 Real-time Gaseous Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、. 605.8 Settled Dust Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Chapter 6 Air-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636.2 Impleme
29、nting Air-Side Economizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Chapter 7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Appendix A Propsed Datacom EnvironmentContamination Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Appendix B Field
30、Contamination Occurrences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Appendix C Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73C.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73C.2 Sampling Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73C.3 Sampling Periods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74C.4 Experimental Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75C.5 Analysis and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75References and Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Glossary of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89ixAcknowledgmentsThe information in this guide was produced with the help and support of thefollowing corporations:ANCISIncorporatedBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterData Clean CorporationDell ComputersDLB Associates Consulting EngineersHewlett PackardIBMInt
34、el CorporationLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryLiebert CorporationMcKenneys Inc.MicrosoftRittalShen Milsom WilkeTeradataUptime InstituteVerizon WirelessASHRAE TC 9.9 wishes to particularly thank the following people:Rich Hill, Pam Lembke, David Moore, Arman Shehabi, and PrabjitSingh for their pa
35、rticipation as chapter leads, which included numerous con-ference calls, writing, and review.Dr. Roger Schmidt of IBM for his vision and thorough review of multipledrafts of this book. Mr. Christian Belady of Microsoft for his vision and leadership in the cre-ation of this book.Mr. John Quick of IBM
36、 for his invaluable contributions in researching andwriting material for this book.Mr. Joe Prisco of IBM for his overall leadership and editing of multipledrafts of this book.In addition, ASHRAE TC 9.9 would like to thank the following people for theirsubstantial contributions to the creation of thi
37、s book: Tom Davidson, Bob Doherty,Ashok Gadgil, Srirupa Ganguly, Magnus Herrlin, Greg Jeffers, Bob McFarlane,Mike Patterson, Dave Quirk, Fred Stack, Bob Sullivan, Bill Tschudi, Herb Villa, andDavid Wang.1IntroductionDatacom equipment center owners and operators focus much of their attentionon the ph
38、ysical structure and performance of the datacom infrastructure environ-ment (e.g., power, cooling, and raised-access floor equipment). However, todaysintricate and sensitive information technology (IT) equipment (also called datacomequipment or computer equipment throughout the book) requires a cert
39、ain level ofenvironmental control for gaseous and particulate contamination that is presentwithin the facilitys datacom equipment center environment. Datacom equipmentcenter contamination is frequently overlooked and, if left unrestrained, can degradethe reliability and the continuous operation of m
40、ission-critical IT equipment withina facility.To maintain a high level of IT equipment dependability and availability, it is crit-ical to view contamination in a holistic way. It should be acknowledged that the data-com equipment center is a dynamic environment where many maintenance operations,infr
41、astructure upgrades, and IT equipment change activities occur on a regular basis.Airborne contaminants harmful to sensitive electronic devices can be introduced intothe operating environment in many ways during these and other activities. The funda-mental focus areas that necessitate examination sta
42、rt with the outdoor ambient airpollutants surrounding the facility. Outdoor air that purposely enters the building fordatacom equipment center free cooling, datacom equipment center positive pressur-ization, or human occupancy air changes must be filtered and possibly conditioned.Once inside the bui
43、lding, maintenance operations within the buildings environmentalenvelope and the datacom infrastructure equipment itself must be considered. Data-com workers also add contamination from hair, lint on clothing, and other contami-nants tracked in on footwear to the datacom equipment center. With prope
44、r planningand controls, datacom equipment center operators can minimize contamination andpotential negative effects in the datacom equipment center.Datacom managers and operators should include a datacom equipment centerenvironmental contamination section as part of the standard operating procedure.
45、2 IntroductionThe association between contamination and hardware failures is often overlooked.Occasionally, the absence of contamination controls results from cost-cuttingactions or from lack of knowledge. Particle and gaseous contamination can result inintermittent equipment glitches or in unplanne
46、d shutdowns of critical systems thatoften mean significant business and financial losses. Examples of contaminationevents are provided throughout the book. In many cases, the events are written gener-ically to illustrate points that support the text.The intent of this publication is to provide basic
47、 information that is essential tothe control and prevention of particulate and gaseous contamination within datacomfacilities. Understanding the critical parameters outlined in this publication willprovide equipment manufacturers and facilities operations personnel with acommon set of guidelines for
48、 contamination control that can enhance the longevityof datacom equipment. The book does not cover issues related to contamination andfiltration of open water systems, such as condenser water systems, used in datacomenvironments. The intended audience for this publication is:planners and datacom fac
49、ility operation managersdatacom facility architects and engineers who require insight on datacomenvironmental controls for gaseous, organic, and particulate contaminationdatacom facility service providersdatacom equipment manufacturers1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULATE MATTER Particulate matter (PM) refers to small solid or liquid particles that canbecome airborne with different airborne lifetimes. For the purposes of this book,the terms particl
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