ASHRAE 90450-2011 Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits (Second Edition).pdf

1、 Product code: 90450 9/119 781936 504091Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits Second EditionProcedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits Second EditionAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle Atlanta, GA 30329-2305Phone: 404-636

2、-8400 (worldwide)www.ashrae.orgAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISBN 978-1-936504-09-1This second edition of Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits provides a reference guide for building owners, managers, and government entities on what to exp

3、ect from an audit, establishes guidelines for levels of audit efforts, and introduces good procedures for energy auditors. This edition has been expanded to include updated guidance on energy auditing methods and new and useful reference materials. Features of this edition include: Widely cited defi

4、nitions of standard audit levels used in the industry Energy auditing best practices that professionals can apply in their field work Spreadsheet templates to assist in basic analysis as well as forms suitable for field collection of detailed commercial building data, available in the appendices and

5、 online Key information on conducting effective energy audits that lead to actionable audit reports Illustrative graphs and photosIn addition, this book discusses how to build a successful team, analytical methods, successful approaches to site visits, incorporating on-site measurements, economic ev

6、alua-tion of measures, and how to organize an energy audit report that promotes action on the part of building owners and managers.PCBEA Cover.indd 1 8/16/2011 2:22:44 PMProcedures for Commercial Building Energy AuditsSecond Edition American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Eng

7、ineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.This publication was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE Technical Committee 7.6, Building Energy P

8、erformance.Principal AuthorsMichael Deru,National Renewable Energy LabTC 7.6 ChairJim Kelsey,kW EngineeringCommittee Co-ChairDick Pearson,Pearson EngineeringCommittee Co-ChairAuthorsBruce Hunn,ConsultantKendra Tupper,Rocky Mountain InstituteDakers Gowans,Left Fork Energy, Inc. Megan Van Wieren,Eaton

9、 CorporationDavid Eldridge, Grumman/Butkus AssociatesMichael Levinson,EnermodalKeith I. Emerson,Tri-State Generation and Transmission AssociationMichele Friedrich,PECISteve Carlson, CDH EnergyContributorsAdrienne Thomle,HoneywellGreg Towsley,GRUNDFOS Pumps CorporationBernt Askildsen,Lloyds SystemsMa

10、rk Case,ETC Group, LLCDave Moser,PECIRob Risley,FPL Energy ServicesEric Harrington,Rocky Mountain InstituteRon Nelson,Institute for Market TransformationFredric Goldner,Energy Management and Research AssociatesStanton Stafford,Newcomb nor may any part of this book bereproduced, stored in a retrieval

11、 system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying, record-ing, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted atwww.ashrae.org/permissions.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataProcedures for commercial building ene

12、rgy audits. - 2nd ed.p. cm.Prepared by Michael Deru, Jim Kelsey, and others.“This publication was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE Technical Committee 7.6, Building Energy Performance.“Includes bibliographical references.Summary: “Provides guide for building owners, managers, and government ent

13、ities on what to expect from an audit, buildinga team, levels of audit, writing audit report, analytical methods, approaches to site visits, on-site measurements, economic eval-uation, best practices for auditors, analysis templates, and forms for field collection of data“- Provided by publisher.ISB

14、N 978-1-936504-09-1 (softcover : alk. paper)1. Commercial buildings-Energy conservation. 2. Commercial buildings-Energy consumption. 3. Commercial buildings-Cost of operation. I. Deru, Michael P. II. Kelsey, Jim, P.E. III. ASHRAE Technical Committee 7.6, Building Energy Perfor-mance. TJ163.5.B84P75

15、2011696-dc232011034908ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONSMark OwenEditor/Group Managerof Handbook and Special PublicationsCindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging EditorJames Madison WalkerAssociate EditorElisabeth ParrishAssistant EditorMeaghan ONeilEditorial AssistantMichshell PhillipsEditorial CoordinatorPU

16、BLISHING SERVICESDavid SoltisGroup Manager of Publishing Servicesand Electronic CommunicationsTracy BeckerGraphics SpecialistJayne JacksonPublication Traffic AdministratorPUBLISHERW. Stephen Comstock American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Fo

17、r personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ixPrefaceHow to Use this Book . . . . . . . .

18、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiEnergy Audit Sample Forms and Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiThe Term Energy Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiiiPart 1Defining the Levels of Effort of Commercial Building Energy AuditsLev

19、els of Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Preliminary Energy-Use Analysis (PEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Level 1Wal

20、k-Through Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Level 2Energy Survey and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Level 3Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications . . . . . . . . 4Targeted Audits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Preliminary Energy-Use Analysis (PEA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Level 1Walk-Through Analysis . . . . . . . . .

22、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Level 2Energy Survey and Engineering Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Level 3Detailed Analysis of Capital-Intensive Modifications . . . . . . 12Targeted Audits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12T

23、argeted Audit Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Part 2Best Practices for Conducting Energy AuditsThe Energy Audit Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Building an Audit/Implementation Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Participants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Project Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Preliminary Energy-Use Analysis (Billing Data and Energy End-Use Analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Contents American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional repr

26、oduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits, Second EditionviBilling Data Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26E

27、nergy End-Use and Cost Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Benchmarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Site Visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28、 34Preassessment Interview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29、. . . . . . . 37Building Automation System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Preparation Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Initial Walk-Through . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30、 . . . . . . . 43Detailed Audit Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Practical Arrangements for Site Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Reviewing Initial Recommendations/Exit Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Safety . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Operational Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

32、0Operating Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Spot Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Interval Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、52Instrumentation Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、 . . . . . . . 59Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Energy Efficiency Measure Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Energy Calculation Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35、. . . . . 63Economic Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Establishing a Capital Improvement Baseline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Reporting Uncertainties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Aud

36、it Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Sample Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Quality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37、. . . . . 88Follow-Up Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89What NextImplementing Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38、. 89Implementing Energy Efficiency Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Part 3Resources for Conducting Energy AuditsSample Forms and Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97PCBEA Sample Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39、. . . . . . 98Sample Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118PEA Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ww

40、w.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ContentsviiSample End-Use Breakdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126EEM Summary Ta

41、ble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Hourly Simulation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Unit Conversions . .

42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Abbreviations and Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Co

43、nditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.Build a Balanced Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

44、0How to Hire an Energy Auditor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24How to Photograph a Nameplate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Measurement Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Efficiency vs Conservation: Are They the Same? . .

45、 . . . . . . . . . . 60EEM, ECM, ECO, EEO: What do They Mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Model Quality Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Model Calibration Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73What to Ask for in an Audit Report.

46、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88List of Sidebars American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASH

47、RAEs prior written permission.This document is a much-expanded version of the first edition of Proce-dures for Commercial Building Energy Audits published in 2004 by AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).It represents the combined knowledge and expertise o

48、f many individuals.Through the leadership of the co-chairs of the committee for this book revi-sion, Jim Kelsey and Dick Pearson, and the vision of the previous chair ofASHRAE Technical Committee 7.6, Adrienne Thomle, the working group hasproduced a foundational document for energy audits of commerc

49、ial buildings.The primary authors and reviewers of this document include Steve Carlson,David Eldridge, Keith Emerson, Michele Friedrich, Dakers Gowans, BruceHunn, Michael Levinson, Kendra Tupper, and Megan Van Wieren. Reviewsand supporting content were provided by Adrienne Thomle, Bernt Askildsen,Dave Moser, Ron Nelson, Rob Risley, Mark Case, Eric Harrington, FredricGoldner, Stanton Stafford, and Greg Towsley.Significant material was contributed by Alexander Zhivov from IEAECBCS Annex 46: Energy provide a reference guide for building owners, managers,