ASHRAE 99-2006 Refrigeration Oil Description《冷冻油描述》.pdf

1、ASHRAE STANDARDAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgRefrigeration OilDescriptionANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-1987)Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 21

2、, 2006; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors onJanuary 26, 2006; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 27, 2006.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number isthe year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest cop

3、ies may be purchased from ASHRAE CustomerService, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Tele-phone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). Copyright 2006 ASHRAE, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis Ame

4、rican National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and whi

5、ch has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reachedby directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarilyunanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an

6、effort be made toward their resolution.”Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and publicreview.ASH

7、RAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. TheProject Committee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAEmembers, all must be technically qualified in the subject area

8、of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interestson all Project Committees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for

9、improving the Standard,d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testingfor rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in desi

10、gning and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of thisequipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards andGuidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring t

11、o this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, eitherstated or implied, that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available

12、 informationand accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of anyproducts, components, or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or thatany tests conducted under its Standards or Gui

13、delines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2005-2006Richard D. Hermans, ChairDavid E. Knebel, Vice-ChairDonald L. BrandtSteven T. BushbyPaul W. CabotHugh F. CrowtherSamuel D. Cummings, Jr.Robert G. DoerrHakim ElmahdyRoger L. HedrickJohn F. HoganFrank E. JakobStephen D.

14、 KennedyJay A. KohlerJames D. LutzMerle F. McBrideMark P. ModeraCyrus H. NasseriStephen V. SantoroStephen V. SkalkoDavid R. TreeJerry W. White, Jr.James E. WoodsWilliam E. Murphy, BOD ExORonald E. Jarnagin, COClaire B. Ramspeck, Assistant Director of Standards and Special ProjectsASHRAE Standard Pro

15、ject Committee 99Cognizant TC: TC 3.4, LubricationSPLS Liaison: Stephen V. Santoro*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationRobert G. Doerr, Chair* Kenneth C. Lilje*Deitrich F. Huttonlocher, Former Chair N. D. Rosine Rohatgi*Mark Goodin* Robert W. Yost*Loretta A

16、. Homolish Xiaomei YuJoseph A. Karnaz*CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006Refrigeration Oil DescriptionSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Test Procedures and Significance of Tests. 35 References . 4NOTEWhen interpretations or errata to this standard have been approved, th

17、ey can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org. Copyright 2006 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006(This foreword is n

18、ot part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI requirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved

19、 objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDRefrigeration oil covers a wide variety of commerciallyavailable or experimental lubricants often differing widely inboth composition and performance characteristics. This stan-dard provides a uniform me

20、ans of identifying particularrefrigeration oils without resorting to commercial names ordesignations by utilizing common laboratory tests that arewell recognized by those concerned with the use of the oil. Theuse of this standard in the literature will permit investigatorsconcerned with oil performa

21、nce to duplicate experimentalprograms and allow readers to relate oil characteristics to thesubject presented. First published in 1981, Standard 99 was developedunder the sponsorship of ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.4.It represents a joint effort of knowledgeable refrigeratingindustry consultants, eq

22、uipment builders, and oil suppliers todefine the most meaningful laboratory tests that will ade-quately characterize a particular refrigeration oil. The 1981standard was reaffirmed with minor editorial changes in 1987.This edition of the standard has been revised to include syn-thetic lubricants, es

23、pecially those used with HFC refrigerants.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to describe lubricants usedin refrigerating and air-conditioning systems based on molec-ular structure, physical properties, and chemical properties.Since the properties of generically similar lubricants can varysign

24、ificantly depending on source of formulation, terms suchas “refrigeration lubricant” have little meaning in definingsuch materials. This standard defines those properties criticalto the precise identification of synthetic as well as petroleum-based lubricants, along with recognized test procedures f

25、or thedetermination of these properties.2. SCOPE2.1 Application. This standard applies to both synthetic andpetroleum-derived lubricants used or proposed as compressorlubricants in refrigeration systems.2.2 Test Methods. This standard provides recognized testmethods toa. describe a specific class of

26、 refrigeration lubricant withoutthe use of commercial designations,b. describe the molecular structure for various classes ofrefrigeration lubricants, andc. define the critical properties needed to describe a refriger-ation lubricant using recognized test procedures.2.3 Limits. This standard is not

27、intended to define refriger-ation oil quality through the establishment of test specifica-tions or requirements. In addition, performance tests intendedto measure quality have been excluded from this standard.3. DEFINITIONSalkylbenzene: a synthetic hydrocarbon composed of abenzene ring attached to o

28、ne or more saturated hydrocarbonchains. ASTM test: a test conducted according to an ASTM Interna-tional standard test procedure. This standards developerpublishes the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, with Parts05.01, 05.02, 05.03, and 05.04 covering petroleum productsand lubricants.aniline point: the

29、minimum temperature at which a lubricantis soluble in aniline, a solvent for hydrocarbons. It is used toestimate the aromatic/olefin content in a lubricant.aromatic content: the fraction of aromatic hydrocarboncontained in a lubricant.aromatic hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon compound containingone or mor

30、e cyclic or ring structures characterized by alter-nating double bonds.cloud point: the temperature at which haziness is firstobserved upon cooling of a lubricant under prescribed condi-tions. This test is also used with refrigerant/lubricant mixtureswith or without impurities.color: the appearance

31、of a lubricant when viewed by transmit-ted plex ester: an ester lubricant prepared from a polyol andboth mono- and dicarboxylic acids, either together or sequen-tially.diester: an ester lubricant prepared from a dicarboxylic acidand monohydric alcohols.flash point: the minimum temperature to which a

32、 lubricantmust be heated under prescribed conditions in order to give offsufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air in thepresence of an ignition source. floc point: the highest temperature at which a mixture of lubri-cant and R-12 forms a distinct precipitate.foaming: the formation of a

33、frothy mass of refrigerant bubblesin or on the surface of a lubricant. hydrotreated oil: a mineral oil lubricant that has been treatedwith hydrogen to remove aromatic and olefinic components.kinematic viscosity: a measure of a lubricants resistance toflow.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006 3miscibility: a

34、 measure of the mutual solubility of liquid refrig-erant and lubricant fluid.naphthenic oil: a mineral oil lubricant fraction consistingpredominately of cyclic or ring hydrocarbon structures.olefin: a hydrocarbon molecule containing at least onecarbon-to-carbon double bond.paraffinic oil: a mineral

35、oil lubricant fraction in which straightand/or branched chain hydrocarbon structures predominate.polyalkylene glycol (PAG): a synthetic ethylene oxide and/orpropylene oxide polymer normally initiated with an alcoholand sometimes capped.polyalphaolefin (PAO): a synthetic, saturated acyclic hydro-carb

36、on lubricant prepared from alphaolefins.polyolester (POE): a synthetic ester lubricant prepared from apolyol and mono carboxylic acids. For refrigeration applica-tions, polyol esters are prepared from neopentyl polyols thatdo not contain beta hydrogens.polyvinyl ether (PVE): a synthetic lubricant pr

37、epared fromvinyl ether monomers. The main chain of the moleculeconsists of carbon-to-carbon bonds, with ether-based sidechains.pour point: the lowest temperature at which a lubricant willflow under prescribed conditions.refrigeration lubricant: a stable fluid that is compatible withsystem components

38、, will form a friction-reducing filmbetween rubbing surfaces and seal critical clearances, and haslow-temperature transport properties suitable for the applica-tion in which it is used. semi-synthetic lubricant: a mixture of synthetic and mineral-based lubricants.solubility: a measure of the ability

39、 of refrigerants to dissolvein refrigeration lubricants.specific gravity: the ratio of the mass of a volume of liquid at15.6C (6F) to the mass of an equal volume of water at thesame temperature.synthetic lubricant: a lubricant compound manufacturedfrom distinct chemical compounds.total acid number (

40、TAN): a measure of the acidity of a lubri-cant.viscosity index (VI): a measure of the change of a lubricantsviscosity with changes in temperature. A high VI valuedenotes a smaller viscosity change per degree of temperaturechange than does a low VI. white oil: a highly refined petroleum-based lubrica

41、nt fraction,which is essentially free of aromatic hydrocarbons, olefins,and heteroatoms.4. TEST PROCEDURES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS4.1 Aniline Point4.1.1 Use test procedure ASTM D611.14.1.2 A mixture of equal volumes of oil and aniline iscooled at a fixed rate until a phase separation occurs. The t

42、em-perature at which this takes place is the aniline point.4.1.3 The aniline point can be used to determine the aro-matic content of mineral oils. It has practical significance formineral-based hydrocarbon lubricants in estimating rubberswell and halocarbon solubility, since the low aniline pointnap

43、hthenic lubricants in general give increased rubber swelland have greater solubility in halocarbon refrigerants than dothe higher aniline point paraffinic lubricants. The test is notapplicable to synthetic base stocks.4.2 Aromatic Content 4.2.1 Use test procedure ASTM D2549.24.2.2 A sample of the lu

44、bricant is charged on a silica gelcolumn. Selected solvents are used to elute and separate thesample into aromatic and non-aromatic fractions. 4.2.3 The aromatic content characterizes a lubricant basedon the amount of aromatic and non-aromatic fractionspresent. Such a characterization is not possibl

45、e with manysynthetic lubricants. 4.3 Cloud Point4.3.1 Use test procedure ASTM D2500.34.3.2 The lubricant is cooled at a specified rate and mon-itored periodically. The temperature at which haziness is firstobserved is recorded as the cloud point.4.3.3 The cloud point of a lubricant can be a measure

46、ofcontaminant content, such as process chemicals, waxes, andwater: the higher the cloud point, the higher the contaminantcontent.4.4 Color4.4.1 Use test procedure ASTM D1500.44.4.2 A sample of lubricant is compared to a numberedseries of color standards ranging from very light pale to verydark red.

47、The standard that best matches the sample is thelubricants color number. 4.4.3 Color is useful in identifying lubricants and assess-ing lubricant quality since color can reflect the degree of pro-cessing. Light colors usually indicate more severe processing,which removes color bodies. 4.5 Flash Poin

48、t4.5.1 Use test procedure ASTM D92.54.5.2 The temperature of a lubricant sample is raised at aconstant rate. At specified intervals an ignition source isapplied to vapors above the liquid. This is repeated until thereis a discernible flash. 4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-20064.5.3 The flash point is an i

49、ndication of lubricant volatil-ity: the lower the flash point, the greater the volatility. 4.6 Floc Point4.6.1 Use test procedure in ANSI/ASHRAE 86-1994.64.6.2 A 9:1 mixture of R-12 and lubricant is cooled at aspecified rate until the first distinct precipitate is observed.4.6.3 The floc point gives an indication of the wax precip-itation characteristics of a lubricant. Base oil type and degreeof processing are factors affecting floc point. Low floc pointlubricants are generally required for refrigeration service. 4.7 Foam Test4.7.1 Use test procedure ASTM D892.74.7.2 A lub