ASHRAE AN-04-10-2-2004 Decision Support Software for Sustainable Buidling Refurbishment《为可持续建设翻新的决策支持软件》.pdf

1、AN-04-1 0-2 Decision Support Software for Sustainable Building Refurbishment C.A. Balaras, Ph.D. Member ASHRAE E. Dascalaki, Ph.D. S. Konto y an n id is ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of a new generation of decision support software that has been developed in the frameworkofEuropean projec

2、ts over the past few years for the assessment of different scenarios during renovations or refur- bishment of apartment, ofice, and hotel buildings. The soji- ware includes a structured methodology for performing a diagnosis of the existing building condition, modules for load calculations, the asse

3、ssment of energy conservation potential resulting from diferent scenarios, including the use of renew- able energy sources (RES), and a$rst cost estimate so that the user can set up the right priorities during the$rst stages of a building renovation or refurbishment project. In addition, the paper p

4、rovides a brief overview of the results from pilot case studiesfiom the application ofsome common RESsystems and energy conservation techniques. INTRODUCTION Energy consumption in European buildings represents about 40% of the annual European Union (EU) final energy use and about a third of greenhou

5、se gas emissions, of which about two-thirds is in residential and one-third in commercial build- ings (EC 2000). Residential use represents 70% of total energy consumption in the buildings sector, reaching 252 Mtoe in 1998, with a ratio of electricity to heat of about 25%. RES is predominantly used

6、in residential buildings and amounts for only 2.75%, a value that could be increased dramatically with appropriate incentives. The energy use in commercial and public buildings is 108 Mtoe, with a ratio of electricity to heat of about 68%. The breakdown of energy consumption by end use in EU residen

7、tial buildings is 57% for space heating, 25% for water heating, 11% for lighting and appliances, and 7% for cooking. In EU commercial buildings, 52% is for space heating, 9% for water heating, 14% for lighting, 5% for cooking, 4% for cooling, and 16% for other uses (EC 2000). In the United States of

8、 America (USA), buildings consume about 36.6% of the total primary energy consumption for 2000 (Source: U.S. Depart- ment of Energy). The total energy consumption in residential buildings is about 500 Mtoe and 415 Mtoe in commercial buildings. The environmental impact from buildings is esti- mated a

9、t 30% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (Source: U.S. Green Building Council). The breakdown of energy consumption by end use in U.S. buildings for residential build- ings is 49.3% for space heating, 17.6% for water heating, 5.1% for cooling, 25% for lighting and appliances, and 3% for cook- ing

10、. For commercial buildings, 23.3% is for space heating, 10.8% is for water heating, 15.4% is for lighting, 3% is for cook- ing, 5.8% is for cooling, and 41.7% is for other uses. The building sector uses about one-third of all of the raw materials and energy produced in Europe and over half of the el

11、ectricity. As a result of improved legislation (i.e., building codes and insulation standards), the use of new building mate- rials, and more efficient equipment, much progress has been achieved in energy efficient and environmentally friendly new buildings over the past decade. On the other hand, h

12、igher living and working standards, along with the introduction of new equipment and appliances, including air conditioning, may counterbalance these savings and actually increase the average energy consumption in buildings and create consid- erable problems at peak load. Thus, the effort for energy

13、 conservation, while maintaining an optimum indoor environ- ment, is a continuous struggle in order to minimize the depen- dency on conventional fuel sources, secure the energy balance, and reduce the environmental impact from fossil fuels. C.A. Balaras is a mechanical engineer, E. Dascalaki is a bu

14、ilding physicist, and S. Kontoyiannidis is a building physicist at the Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development at NOA, Athens, Hellas. 592 02004 ASHRAE. Buildings are a major pollution source. They account for about half of sulphur dioxide emissions, a quarter of nitrous oxi

15、de emissions, and about 10% of particulate emissions. They also contribute to about 35% of carbon dioxide emis- sions, which are closely related to climate change. At the same time, construction wastes have a major impact on landfills. In the EU, construction and demolition (C demo- lition waste com

16、prises 40% to 50% of the total C “a”-good condition, %-need for minor repairs, “cy-need for major repairs, and “ thus, the available data on the buildings performance are only indicative. With regard to the definition of the elements and types used to develop the building models incorporated in the

17、soft- ware, they have been confirmed to be representative-at least in the countries participating in the projects-during the pilot audit campaigns. Furthermore, for the apartment buildings, commercially available national versions of the software have demonstrated its applicability in France, Denmar

18、k, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, U.K., and The Nether- lands. Actually, some elements/types are defined on a national level in order to cover the national characteristics of buildings. The methodologies and the software structure allow for easy adaptation to tailor the methodsoftware to the specific needs of the user. Adaptation of the methods/software to other coun- tries and buildings with different uses is also possible due to the flexibility they offer. ASH RAE Transactions: Symposia 601