ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS IP HANDBOOK-2013 2013 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals (I-P Edition Includes Access to Additional Content).pdf

1、 Access to Additional Content For ASHRAE 2013 Fundamentals Handbook (I-P Units) (Click here to view the publication) This Page is not part of the original publication This page has been added by IHS as a convenience to the user in order to provide access to additional content as authorized by the Co

2、pyright holder of this document Click the link(s) below to access the content and use normal procedures for downloading or opening the files. 2013 Fundamental Weather Files Information contained in the above is the property of the Copyright holder and all Notice of Disclaimer nor may any part of thi

3、s book be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permis-sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committe

4、es and others compiled the infor-mation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and cor

5、rec-tions to Handbook volumes in print will be published in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet Web site.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims a

6、ny duty to investigate, any product, service, process,procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure

7、, design, or the like.ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-936504-45-9ISSN 1523-7222The paper for this book is both acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and

8、was manufactured with pulp obtained from sources using sustainable forestry practices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefacePRINCIPLESChapter 1. Psychrometrics (TC 1.1, Thermodynamics and Psychr

9、ometrics; TC 8.3, Absorption and Heat-Operated Machines)2. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles (TC 1.1)3. Fluid Flow (TC 1.3, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow)4. Heat Transfer (TC 1.3)5. Two-Phase Flow (TC 1.3)6. Mass Transfer (TC 1.3)7. Fundamentals of Control (TC 1.4, Control Theory and Applicatio

10、n)8. Sound and Vibration (TC 2.6, Sound and Vibration Control)INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITYChapter 9. Thermal Comfort (TC 2.1, Physiology and Human Environment)10. Indoor Environmental Health (Environmental Health Committee)11. Air Contaminants (TC 2.3, Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant Re

11、moval Equipment)12. Odors (TC 2 .3)13. Indoor Environmental Modeling (TC 4.10, Indoor Environmental Modeling)LOAD AND ENERGY CALCULATIONSChapter 14. Climatic Design Information (TC 4.2, Climatic Information)15. Fenestration (TC 4.5, Fenestration)16. Ventilation and Infiltration (TC 4.3, Ventilation

12、Requirements and Infiltration )17. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1, Load Calculation Data and Procedures)18. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations (TC 4.1)19. Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods (TC 4.7, Energy Calculations)HVAC DESIGNChapter 20. Space Air

13、 Diffusion (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)21. Duct Design (TC 5.2, Duct Design)22. Pipe Sizing (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)23. Insulation for Mechanical Systems (TC 1.8, Mechanical Systems Insulation)24. Airflow Around Buildings (TC 4.3)BUILDING ENVELOPEChapter 25. Heat, Air, a

14、nd Moisture Control in Building AssembliesFundamentals(TC 4.4, Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance)26. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesMaterial Properties (TC 4.4)27. Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building AssembliesExamples (TC 4.4)MATERIALSChapter 28. Co

15、mbustion and Fuels (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)29. Refrigerants (TC 3.1, Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants)30. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants (TC 3.1)31. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines) (TC 3.1)32. Sorbents and Desiccants (TC 8.12, Dessicant Dehumidification Equipm

16、ent and Components)33. Physical Properties of Materials (TC 1.3)GENERALChapter 34. Energy Resources (TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability)35. Sustainability (TC 2.8)36. Measurement and Instruments (TC 1.2, Instruments and Measurements)37. Abbreviations and Symbols (TC 1.6, Termi

17、nology)38. Units and Conversions (TC 1.6)39. Codes and StandardsADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONSINDEXComposite index to the 2010 Refrigeration, 2011 HVAC Applications, 2012 HVAC Systems andEquipment, and 2013 Fundamentals volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the followin

18、g individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.James T. Schaefer, Jr. (1, 2)Heat Transfer Research, Inc.Yongfang Zhong (1, 2)Penn State ErieTimothy Wagner (2)United Technologies Research CenterUwe Rockenfeller (2)Rocky ResearchRe

19、inhard Radermacher (2)University of MarylandRick Couvillion (3, 4, 5, 6)University of ArkansasMichael M. Ohadi (4, 5, 6)University of MarylandKyosung Choo (4, 5)University of MarylandMirza M. Shah (5)Gary Cloe (7)Belimo AircontrolsChad Moore (7)Engineering Resource Group, Inc.Dave Kahn (7)RMH GroupJ

20、erry Lilly (8)JGL AcousticsRich Peppin (8)Engineers for Change, Inc.Kenneth Roy (8)Armstrong World IndustriesSteve Wise (8)Wise AssociatesHui Zhang (9)University of CaliforniaBerkeleyDennis Loveday (9)Loughborough UniversityEric Adams (9)Carrier CorporationPawel Wargocki (10)DTU Civil EngineeringZur

21、aimi Sultan (10)National Research Council CanadaHal Levin (10)Building Ecology ResearchJan Sundell (10)Tsinghua UniversityCarolyn (Gemma) Kerr (11)Chang-Seo Lee (11)Concordia UniversityCharlene W. Bayer (11)Hygieia Sciences LLCAshish Mathus (11)UVDI, Inc.Robert Morris (14)Chris A. Gueymard (14)Solar

22、 Consulting ServicesDidier Thevenard (14)Numerical Logics, Inc.Mike Collins (15)University of WaterlooJohn Hogan (15)Seattle Department of Planning and DevelopmentJohn Wright (15)University of WaterlooDavid P. Yuill (16, 36)Building Solutions, Inc.W. Stuart Dols (16)National Institute of Standards a

23、nd TechnologyCharles S. Barnaby (17, 19)WrightsoftSteve Bruning (18)Newcomb tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2013 ASHRAE HandbookFundamentals covers basicprinciples and data used in the HVAC predictive techniques for saturated and subcooledboiling in tube bundles; subcooled boilin

24、g heat transfer; boiling,heat transfer, condensation, and pressure drop in mini- and micro-channels; boiling/evaporation with enhanced surfaces; and muchmore.Chapter 9, Thermal Comfort, has new content on personal envi-ronmental control (PEC) systems; the effect of occupant and airmotion on clothing

25、 insulation; and multisegment thermal physi-ology models.Chapter 10, Indoor Environmental Health, has new content onmicrobiology; health effects of fine particulate matter and noise;pathogens with potential for airborne transmission; semivolatileorganic compounds (SVOCs); ozone; and dampness.Chapter

26、 11, Air Contaminants, has updates for new ASHRAEresearch, plus added text and graphics on ultrafine particles,SVOCs, and health effects of various air contaminants.Chapter 14, Climatic Design Information, includes a completereplacement of the data tables for 6443 locations worldwideanincrease of 87

27、9 locations from the 2009 edition of the chapter.Each locations information now also includes monthly precipi-tation.Chapter 16, Ventilation and Infiltration, has added content fromASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010 on how to address multiple-zonerecirculating systems.Chapter 18, Nonresidential Cooling and H

28、eating Load Calcula-tions, includes new plug load data, an elevation correction exam-ple, an equation summary, and an entirely new master examplesection based on the renovated ASHRAE headquarters building.Chapter 19, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, has newcontent on the comprehensive room tr

29、ansfer function (CRTF)method; ground heat transfer; a variable-speed vapor compressionheat pump model; and validation, verification, and calibration.Chapter 21, Duct Design, includes new content on testing forHVAC system air leakage, a revised equation for resistance offlexible duct, and a revised t

30、able for duct roughness.Chapter 23, Insulation for Mechanical Systems, has new contenton condensation control, piping supports, thermal conductivity ofbelow-ambient pipe insulation systems, and includes a newdesign example.Chapter 25, Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assem-bliesFundamenta

31、ls, has new material from ASHRAE researchon environmental weather loads (RP-1325) and thermal bridgingdetails (RP-1365), plus modified airflow descriptions and newcontent on phase change materials.Chapter 26, Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assem-bliesMaterial Properties, was extensively

32、 reorganized andupdated with new content on insulation thermal conductivity data;insulation types; capillary-active insulation materials (CAIMs);and thermal resistance and air and water vapor permeability.Chapter 27, Heat, Air, and Moisture Control in Building Assem-bliesExamples, introduced explici

33、t definitions with a newexample for thermal bridging, and revised introductions to mois-ture transport analysis examples.Chapter 29, Refrigerants, has added data on HFO-1234yf andHFO-1234ze(E) and expanded content on environmental proper-ties and compatibility with construction materials.Chapter 30,

34、 Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, hasadded tables and diagrams for HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E).Chapter 36, Measurement and Instruments, has added resultsfrom recent ASHRAE research (RP-1245) on the effects of ductfittings on measuring airflow in ducts, as well as a new examplecalculation.

35、This volume is published, as a bound print volume and in elec-tronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one usinginch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the Interna-tional System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2010, 2011, and 2012 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRA

36、E web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE web site.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggest im-provements for a chapter, please comment using the form

37、 on theASHRAE web site or, using the cutout page(s) at the end of this vol-umes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Cir-cle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mail mowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditor1.1CHAPTER 1PSYCHROMETRICSComposition of Dry and Moist Air . 1.1U.S. Stand

38、ard Atmosphere 1.1Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air 1.2Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation 1.2Humidity Parameters 1.2Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air . 1.12Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature . 1.13Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties 1.13Psychrom

39、etric Charts 1.14Typical Air-Conditioning Processes 1.16Transport Properties of Moist Air . 1.19Symbols . 1.19SYCHROMETRICS uses thermodynamic properties to ana-Plyze conditions and processes involving moist air. This chapterdiscusses perfect gas relations and their use in common heating,cooling, an

40、d humidity control problems. Formulas developed byHerrmann et al. (2009) may be used where greater precision isrequired.Herrmann et al. (2009), Hyland and Wexler (1983a, 1983b), andNelson and Sauer (2002) developed formulas for thermodynamicproperties of moist air and water modeled as real gases. Ho

41、wever,perfect gas relations can be substituted in most air-conditioningproblems. Kuehn et al. (1998) showed that errors are less than 0.7%in calculating humidity ratio, enthalpy, and specific volume of satu-rated air at standard atmospheric pressure for a temperature range of60 to 120F. Furthermore,

42、 these errors decrease with decreasingpressure.COMPOSITION OF DRY AND MOIST AIRAtmospheric air contains many gaseous components as well aswater vapor and miscellaneous contaminants (e.g., smoke, pollen,and gaseous pollutants not normally present in free air far from pol-lution sources).Dry air is at

43、mospheric air with all water vapor and contaminantsremoved. Its composition is relatively constant, but small variationsin the amounts of individual components occur with time, geo-graphic location, and altitude. Harrison (1965) lists the approximatepercentage composition of dry air by volume as: ni

44、trogen, 78.084;oxygen, 20.9476; argon, 0.934; neon, 0.001818; helium, 0.000524;methane, 0.00015; sulfur dioxide, 0 to 0.0001; hydrogen, 0.00005;and minor components such as krypton, xenon, and ozone, 0.0002.Harrison (1965) and Hyland and Wexler (1983a) used a value 0.0314(circa 1955) for carbon diox

45、ide. Carbon dioxide reached 0.0379 in2005, is currently increasing by 0.00019 percent per year and is pro-jected to reach 0.0438 in 2036 (Gatley et al. 2008; Keeling andWhorf 2005a, 2005b). Increases in carbon dioxide are offset bydecreases in oxygen; consequently, the oxygen percentage in 2036 ispr

46、ojected to be 20.9352. Using the projected changes, the relativemolecular mass for dry air for at least the first half of the 21st centuryis 28.966, based on the carbon-12 scale. The gas constant for dry airusing the current Mohr and Taylor (2005) value for the universal gasconstant isRda= 1545.349/

47、28.966 = 53.350 ftlbf/lbdaR (1)Moist air is a binary (two-component) mixture of dry air andwater vapor. The amount of water vapor varies from zero (dry air) toa maximum that depends on temperature and pressure. Saturation isa state of neutral equilibrium between moist air and the condensedwater phas

48、e (liquid or solid); unless otherwise stated, it assumes aflat interface surface between moist air and the condensed phase.Saturation conditions change when the interface radius is very small(e.g., with ultrafine water droplets). The relative molecular mass ofwater is 18.015268 on the carbon-12 scal

49、e. The gas constant forwater vapor isRw= 1545.349/18.015268 = 85.780 ftlbf/lbwR (2)U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHEREThe temperature and barometric pressure of atmospheric air varyconsiderably with altitude as well as with local geographic andweather conditions. The standard atmosphere gives a standard of ref-erence for estimating properties at various altitudes. At sea level,standard temperature is 59F; standard barometric pressure is14.696 psia or 29.921 in. Hg. Temperature is assumed to decreaselinearly with increasing altitude throughout the troposphere (loweratmosp