ASHRAE GUIDELINE 10 ADD A B C AND D-2014 Interactions Affecting the Achievement of Acceptable Indoor Environments.pdf

1、ASHRAE Addenda a, b, c, and d toASHRAE Guideline 10-2011Interactions Affecting theAchievement ofAcceptable IndoorEnvironmentsApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 28, 2014, and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on July 2, 2014.These addenda were approved by a Standing Guideline Project C

2、ommittee (SGPC) for which the Standards Committee hasestablished a documented program for regular publication of addenda or revisions, including procedures for timely, documented,consensus action on requests for change to any part of the guideline. The change submittal form, instructions, and deadli

3、nes maybe obtained in electronic form from the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or in paper form from the Manager of Standards. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAECustomer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2

4、305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone:404-636-8400 (worldwide), or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permission, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XDISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guide

5、lines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guideli

6、nes or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by su

7、ggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is compl

8、etely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 10CognizantTC: Environmental Health CommitteeSPLS Liaison: Mark

9、P. ModeraSteven J. Emmerich, Chair* Michael A. Humphreys* Roger M. Pasch*Mark C. Jackson, Vice Chair* Josh Jacobs* Frederick H Rohles, Jr.Eric W. Adams* Joshua B. Kelton* Zuraimi M. Sultan*Gregory M. Dobbs Hal Levin* Lily M Wang *Walter T. Grondzik Bjarne Wilkens Olesen*Denotes members of voting sta

10、tus when the document was approved for publicationSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifyinga guideline for the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As

11、a guideline it is not definitive butencompasses areas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are writtento assist professionals in the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are p

12、repared by project committees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The projectcommittee chair and vice-chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Devel

13、opment of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance isdesired but not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and(d) Guidelines are not submitted to ANSI

14、for approval.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.ASHRAE

15、 is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20132014William F. Walter, Chair David R. Conover Malcolm D. KnightRichard L. Hall,

16、Vice-Chair John F. Dunlap Rick A. LarsonKarim Amrane James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraJoseph R. Anderson Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJames Dale Aswegan Julie M. Ferguson Janice C. PetersonCharles S. Barnaby Krishnan Gowri Heather L. PlattSteven F. Bruning Cecily M. Grzywacz Douglas T. Reind

17、lJohn A. Clark Rita M. Harrold Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Adam W. Hinge Thomas E. Werkema, Jr., CODebra H. KennoyStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital

18、 form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE Addendum a to ASHRAE Guideline 10-2011 1(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the

19、ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThis addendum combines the sections on lighting aspectsfor consistenc

20、y with the rest of the guideline.Note: In this addendum, changes to the current guidelineare indicated in the text by underlining (for additions) andstrikethrough (for deletions) unless the instructions specifi-cally mention some other means of indicating the changes.7. LIGHTING (DAYLIGHT)ILLUMINATI

21、ONStudies of illumination usually focus on the distributionof energy by intensity and sometimes by frequency in the vis-ible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Energy in thenon-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, includ-ing both infrared and ultraviolet, can strongly affect occu-p

22、ants, materials, and even chemical, physical, and biologicalagents in a space. The main focus of most investigations ofillumination is on the support provided for task visual perfor-mance. In some locations, especially regions more distantfrom the equator, the absence of daily exposure to bright lig

23、htcan cause seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Brief exposureto very bright lights has been used to counteract this effect(Lewy et al. 1985).7.1 Daylight Interactions. Some studies have found thataccess to daylight or windows is associated with lower preva-lence of SBS symptoms. However, it appears

24、that an impor-tant contributor to the measured outcomes is access to viewsto the outside. In one study, researchers found that the largerthe view available from occupants desks, the fewer com-plaints the occupants had about all other ambient factors,regardless of objective measurements of those cond

25、itions(Heschong Mahone Group 2003).7.2 DaylightElectrical Lighting Interactions. Light fromeither an electric or a daylight source is necessary for use ofmost building spaces. The spectral distribution and intensitywill affect peoples responses to the light in a space. Light canaffect mood and perfo

26、rmance. Proper color rendition is neces-sary for artists and textile and other product designers, as wellas medical diagnostics and many other tasks, including per-sonal hygiene.7.3 DaylightAcoustical Interactions. When uninsulatedsingle-pane glazing open windows or skylights are used toadmit daylig

27、ht, noise can enter and be a significant distur-bance to occupants. Such noise may interfere with proper taskperformance. In addition, the hard resonant surfaces of largeareas of glass may increase the reverberation time in a spaceand should be considered in acoustic design.Some skylights can amplif

28、y the sound of rain and hailstriking the panels.Visual access to a noise source may increase, or reduce,its acceptability. Noises that do not have a clear source orcause may be more disturbing than those that are easily under-stood via visual cues. Thus, a view to the outside that includesthe noise

29、source may actually reduce disturbance from thenoise. This is especially true of unpredictable noises, such asthose from construction sites or emergency vehicles, that inthe absence of further information might suggest danger.Implications: Operable windows should be located awayfrom outdoor noise so

30、urces and be provided with some meansto dampen incoming noise when noise sources are unavoid-able. Consider locating activities that require quiet environ-mental conditions away from outdoor and indoor noisesources.8. LIGHTING (ELECTRIC)7.4 Electric Lighting (Electric)Acoustical Interac-tions. Elect

31、ric lighting fixtures emit sound that can be audibleand even loud enough to be annoying, especially light sourcesthat depend on electromagnetic ballasts, e.g., gaseous dis-charge lamps such as fluorescent or metal vapor. In extremecases, noise from electrical devices can interfere with propertask pe

32、rformance. Often the primary surface providing acous-tical absorption within a room is the ceiling, since acousticalceiling tile is generally the lowest-cost material available tocontrol reverberation time within a room. Typical recessedluminaires (installed in the ceiling grid) tend to occupyapprox

33、imately 15% of the ceiling surface, thus limiting theavailable space for the application of ceiling tile to controlreverberation. It can be better to use pendant luminaires thatdo not occupy the ceiling plane and that, when used withhighlight-reflectance ceiling tile, provide high levels of indi-rec

34、t lighting without substantial glare.Implications: Designers should select light sourceswhose noise emissions are compatible with the functions ofthe space. For example, in a library, theatre, or study hall,especially quiet light sources are more appropriate. However,in a bar or nightclub, there wil

35、l usually be many sources ofnoise besides the illumination; thus, quiet illuminationsources are not as critical as in an office or conference roomor classroom where verbal communication is critical to theuse of the space. Guidance on appropriate noise levels inclassrooms is available from the Acoust

36、ical Society of Amer-icas ANSI/ASA S12.60 for classroom acoustics (ASA 2002).Addendum a to Guideline 10-2011Modify Sections 7 and 8 as follows. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted with

37、out ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ASHRAE Addendum b to ASHRAE Guideline 10-2011(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a sta

38、ndardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDThis addendum adds a practical example of indoor airquality acoustical environment interaction.N

39、ote: In this addendum, changes to the current guidelineare indicated in the text by underlining (for additions) andstrikethrough (for deletions) unless the instructions specifi-cally mention some other means of indicating the changes.6.6 Indoor Air QualityAcoustical Environment. Theprimary ways to a

40、chieve IAQ include the use of ventilation,either mechanically with equipment or passively through win-dow openings. Mechanical ventilation is often accompaniedby the noise of fans, airflow through duct elbows andbranches, mixing boxes, dampers, and diffusers or even thesounds of air leakage from the

41、 ductwork or other system com-ponents. This HVAC noise will generally be dominated bylow-frequency sound, which may in extreme cases eveninduce secondary vibration in walls, floors, and other surfaces(in addition to that caused by improperly isolated or mountedequipment). See Indoor Air Quality Guid

42、e: Best Practices forDesign, Construction, and Commissioning (ASHRAE 2009a)for a more detailed discussion.If ventilation equipment is noisy, it may not be used asintended by the designer. For example, teachers tend not tooperate noisy unit ventilators in their classrooms, resulting inreduced outdoor

43、 air ventilation and increased indoor sourcepollutants. Home occupants tend not to operate noisy bath-room or kitchen fans, resulting in a buildup of moisture, com-bustion gases, or other products and by-products of activitiesconducted in the home. Because of this interaction, Standard62.2 requires

44、quiet fans to achieve its IAQ objective.Passive control of IAQ is often attempted with the use ofoperable windows. Opening windows to “get some fresh air”may not be an option where noise enters a space from out-doors. In busy urban areas or areas adjacent to highways, rail-ways, airports, playground

45、s, or factories, the ambient noiselevels can deter people from opening windows. But it shouldbe recognized that the primary purpose of a window is to letdaylight in while providing visual relief by making it possiblefor occupants to see outside. It is not necessary to use opera-ble windows to allow

46、outdoor air entry; an acoustical plenumor acoustical louvers can be used in conjunction with a win-dow (above, below, or to the side) to allow outdoor air entrywithout allowing noise to enter.Addendum b to Guideline 10-2011Modify Section 6.6 as follows. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only

47、. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE Addendum c to ASHRAE Guideline 10-2011 3(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements nec

48、essaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or

49、ANSI.)FOREWORDThis addendum adds new wording indicating that mini-mizing an exposure is typically but not necessarily always thebest control.Note: In this addendum, changes to the current guidelineare indicated in the text by underlining (for additions) andstrikethrough (for deletions) unless the instructions specifi-cally mention some other means of indicating the changes.4.11 Control of Interactions by Limiting Exposures. Themagnitude of the effects of the interactions among the envi-ronmental components can be much reduced by limiting theextent to which each compo