ASHRAE GUIDELINE 14-2014 Measurement of Energy Demand and Water Savings.pdf

1、ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014(Supersedes ASHRAE Guideline 14-2002)Measurement of Energy,Demand, and WaterSavingsApproved by ASHRAE on December 18, 2014.ASHRAE Guidelines are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Guideline number is the year ofASHRAE approval. The latest edi

2、tion of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org)or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canad

3、a). For reprintpermission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2014 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XIncludes online access to RP-1050 and RP-1093 final reports, as well as downloadable software toolkits for analysis of building energy and environmental data.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate St

4、andards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Sta

5、ndards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for rati

6、ng purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and conforman

7、ceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 14Cognizant TC: TC 7.6, Building Energy Perfor

8、manceSPLS Liaison: Waller S. ClementsDennis R. Landsberg, Chair* Scott A. Judson* T. Agami Reddy*John A. Shonder, Vice Chair* David A. Jump* Robert B. Risley*Kimberly A. Barker* William E. Koran*Jeff S. Haberl* Matthew M. Pesce*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publ

9、icationSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifying a Guidelinefor the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As a Guideline it is not definitive but encomp

10、assesareas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are written to assist professionalsin the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are prepared by Project Committees appointed spe

11、cifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The Project CommitteeChair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technicallyqualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Development of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedu

12、res similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance is desiredbut not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and (d) Guidelinesare not submitted to ANSI for approval.The Senior Manager of Standard

13、s of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20142015Richard

14、L. Hall, Chair James W. Earley, Jr. Mark P. ModeraDouglass T. Reindl, Vice-Chair Steven J. Emmerich Cyrus H. NasseriJoseph R. Anderson Patricia T. Graef Heather L. PlattJames Dale Aswegan Rita M. Harrold Peter SimmondsCharles S. Barnaby Adam W. Hinge Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Donald M. Brundage Srini

15、vas Katipamula Jack H. ZarourJohn A. Clark Debra H. Kennoy Julia A. Keen, BOD ExOWaller S. Clements Malcolm D. Knight Bjarne Wilkens Olesen, CODavid R. Conover Rick A. LarsonJohn F. Dunlap Arsen K. MelkovStephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use onl

16、y. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 14-2014,Measurement of Energy, Demand, and Water SavingsSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions, Abbreviations,

17、 and Acronyms.24 Requirements and Common Elements .85 Specific Approaches .216 Instrumentation .357 Water.398 Electric Demand479 Measurement and Verification (Mb. apply to all forms of energy, including electricity, gas, oil,district heating/cooling, renewables, and water and waste-water; andc. enco

18、mpass all types of facilities: residential, commercial,institutional, and industrial.2.2 What Is not Included. The procedures do not includea. sampling methodologies used in large-scale demand-sidemanagement programs,b. metering standards, orc. major industrial process loads.3. DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIA

19、TIONS, ANDACRONYMS3.1 General. The following definitions represent the wayeach term is used in ASHRAE Guideline 14.3.2 Definitionsactual energy savings: reductions in energy, demand, orwater achieved by energy conservation measures (ECMs) anddetermined using one of the methods described in this docu

20、-ment.accuracy: the capability of an instrument to indicate the truevalue of measured quantity. This is often confused with inac-curacy, which is the departure from the true value to which allcauses of error (e.g., hysteresis, nonlinearity, drift, tempera-ture effect, and other sources) contribute.

21、ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014 3avoided energy use: reduction in energy use during thereporting period relative t

22、o what would have occurred if thefacility had been equipped and operated as it was in the base-line period but under reporting period operating conditions.Cost avoidance is the monetary equivalent of avoided energyuse. Both are commonly called “savings.” See also, energysavings and normalized saving

23、s.baseline: pertaining to the baseline period.baseline adjustments: nonroutine adjustments arising duringthe reporting period from changes in any energy governingcharacteristic of the facility within the measurement boundaryexcept the named independent variables used for routineadjustments.baseline

24、conditions: values of all relevant baseline data,including independent variables and static factors describingfacility operations and design during the baseline period. Thisincludes building characteristics and other factors that maynot be explicitly defined.baseline data: measurements and quantitat

25、ive facts describ-ing facility operations and design during the baseline period.This includes energy use or demand and parameters of facilityoperation, which govern energy use or demand.baseline energy: energy use occurring during the baselineperiod without adjustments.adjusted baseline energy: the

26、energy, demand, and/orwater use of the baseline period after any routine andnonroutine adjustments have been applied.baseline period: period of time selected as representative offacility operations before retrofit.billing data: information collected from invoices sent to anowner from the energy supp

27、lier (e.g., electric or gas bills).billing determinants: measured quantities that a utility usesto calculate the utility invoice.calibrated simulation: measurement and verification (M (b) process of reducing the uncertainty of amodel by comparing the predicted output of the model undera specific set

28、 of conditions to the actual measured data for thesame set of conditions. In both cases, calibration includes fol-lowing defined procedures that identify what parameters ofthe instrument, meter, or model may be adjusted, determiningwhat is an acceptable level of accuracy or uncertainty, anddocumenti

29、ng the process and results.coefficient of variation (CV): the ratio of the standard devia-tion to the mean.coincident: occurring simultaneously or during the sameinterval.confidence level: probability that any measured value willfall within a stated range of precision.constant: term used to describe

30、 a physical parameter thatdoes not change during a period of interest. Minor variationsmay be observed in the parameter while still describing it asconstant. The magnitude of variations that are deemed to beminor must be reported in the measurement and verification(M an indication of how much varia-

31、tion or randomness there is between the data and the model,calculated by dividing RMSE by the average energy use.cycle: period of time between the start of successive similaroperating modes of a facility or piece of equipment whoseenergy use varies in response to operating procedures or inde-pendent

32、 variables. For example, most buildings have a cycleof 12 months because their energy use responds to weatherconditions, while an industrial process may have a shortercycle because it operates differently on Sundays than duringthe rest of the week. (For an alternative definition of cyclerelated to S

33、ection 7, see below.)cycle (Section 7 only): cycle of concentration of solids in thecondenser water.demand: the average rate of energy flow over a specifiedperiod of time. In the United States, demand usually refers toelectric power, but it can also refer to natural gas. In manyother countries, dema

34、nd is commonly used with other energysources, especially district heat.billing demand: demand used to calculate the demandcharge cost. Rate structures and terms vary by jurisdic-tion and supplier but are typically based on monthly orannual peak demand. Utility rate schedules and commod-ity pricing c

35、ontracts are beyond the scope of this guide-line. See also, peak demand.peak demand: maximum demand during a specified timeperiod (e.g., during the utilitys peak time-of-use periodfor a given billing period). See also, billing demand.coincident peak demand: metered demand of a load(device, circuit,

36、or building) that occurs at the same timeas the peak demand of the facility (or loads on a specificmeter). In some cases, it may refer to demand of a loadthat coincides with the utilitys peak system load. Thisshould be properly expressed so as to indicate the peak ofinterest (e.g., “demand coinciden

37、t with the peak buildingdemand” or “demand coincident with the peak utilitysystem demand”) See also, peak demand. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written perm

38、ission.4 ASHRAE Guideline 14-2014demand savings: reduction in the billing demand between thepreretrofit or baseline period, and the postretrofit or reportingperiod, once independent variables such as weather or occu-pancy have been adjusted for. This term is usually applied tobilling demand, to calc

39、ulate cost savings, or to peak demand,for equipment sizing purposes.degree-day: a measure of the heating or cooling load on afacility created by outdoor temperature. When the mean dailyoutdoor temperature is one degree below a stated referencetemperature, such as 64F (18C), for one day, it is define

40、dthat there is one heating degree-day. If this temperature differ-ence prevailed for ten days, ten heating degree-days would becounted for the total period. If the temperature differencewere to be 12 degrees for ten days, 120 heating degree-dayswould be counted. When the ambient temperature is below

41、the reference temperature, it is defined that heating degree-days are counted. When ambient temperatures are above thereference, cooling degree-days are counted (NCDC 2002).drift (windage) (Section 7 only): cooling tower mist ejectedfrom the tower.energy: (a) energy, demand, or water use; (b) capabi

42、lity ofdoing work. Energy can take a number of forms, which maybe transformed from one into another such as thermal (heat),mechanical (work), electrical, and chemical. Customary mea-surement units are kilowatts (kWs), British thermal units orkilojoules (Btus or kJ), quantity of steam (in pounds or k

43、ilo-grams), or volume (in gallons or litres) of hydrocarbon fuel.energy conservation measure (ECM): installation of equip-ment, subsystems, or systems or modification of equipment,subsystems, systems, or operations for the purpose of improv-ing efficiency or reducing energy and/or demand (and, there

44、-fore, energy and/or demand costs).energy cost: see total energy cost.energy performance contract: contract between two or moreparties where payment is based on achieving specified resultssuch as improvements in efficiency or reductions in energycosts.energy savings: reduction in use of energy from

45、the preretro-fit baseline to the postretrofit reporting period once indepen-dent variables, such as weather or occupancy, have beenadjusted for.energy service company (ESCO): organization that designs,procures, installs, and possibly maintains one or more energyconservation measures (ECMs) at an own

46、ers facility or facil-ities.error: the difference between the true or actual value and thevalue indicated by the measurement system.random errorgeneral category for errors that can takevalues above or below the average value (i.e., not sys-temic errors).systemic errorpersistent error that does not o

47、ccur bychance.estimate: process of determining a parameter used in a sav-ings calculation by methods other than measuring it in thebaseline and reporting periods. For the purposes of this guide-line, equipment performance tests that are not made in theplace where they are used during the reporting p

48、eriod are esti-mates.facility: building or industrial site containing several energy-using systems. A wing or section of a larger facility can betreated as a facility if it has meters that separately measure allof its energy.full-time equivalent: 1 for each 1 person per 8-hour shift.Visitors are cal

49、culated as average number of daily visitors.independent variables: factors affecting the energy used in afacility that change regularly but which are outside the controlof energy conservation measures (e.g., weather or occu-pancy). See also, routine adjustments and static factors.instrument: device used to measure a physical quantity.interactive effects: energy effects created by an energy con-servation measure but not measured within the measurementboundary. Examples include the cooling energy savings andheating penalty that result when lighting energy use isreduced