ASHRAE GUIDELINE 28-2012 Air Quality within Commercial Aircraft.pdf

1、ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012Air Quality withinCommercial AircraftApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on June 27, 2012, and by the ASHRAE Board of Directors on June 27, 2012.ASHRAE Guidelines are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the guideline number is the year ofAS

2、HRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHRAE Web site(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll

3、 free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US andCanada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2012 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 161CognizantTC:TC 9.3,Transportation Air ConditioningSPLS Liaison 20112012: Steven J. EmmerichSPLS Liaison 20072011: Rober

4、t G. Baker*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationSteven J. Tochilin, Chair * Martin B. Hocking Niren L. NagdaByron W. Jones, Chair 2000-2010 Larry C. Holcomb Thomas NagleJudith Murawski, Secretary* Michael Holland* William NeedelmanOlney P. Anthony Sally A. H

5、ooks Lowell NelsonMichael Bagshaw Raymond H. Horstman Jianlei NiuCharlie Bautz Paul S. Hudson Claire A. H. NurcombePeggy Bendfeldt* John T. James Jean-Luc PailletAndreas Bezold Richard A. Johnson Jayanti R. PatelWilliam C. Bowen Benjamin Kalom France PelletierFrank Martin Brehany* Joshua B. Kelton E

6、arle S. PereraBrian Buchanan* Hans A. Krakauer Finn O. PoulsenKaren J. Bull* Erik Kuiper* Robert C. Rebsamen*Deanne C. Clarke Gary H. Kumagai Brian E. ReillyGraeme John Cleary William J. Landman David RossWaller S. Clements* H. James Leach James F. RussellJames E. Cone Paul A. Lebbin* Clayton Satter

7、leeMartin Dechow Tristan Loraine David R. SpaceGary Steven Dutt* Ivo Martinac Johanna StewartG. Scott Earnest Fabio F. Massao Herbert Suitner*Steven J. Emmerich Terri P. McIvor Christine Q. SunFranklin D. Farrington Jaimie M. McNeice David SuppleeRaynard M. Fenster Don MacMillan Craig P. WaittHousha

8、ng Ferdows Michael Massoni* Douglas S. WalkinshawRichard B. Fox* Christopher S. McDaniel* Kenneth L. WatersRandal A. Gaseor Shelly L. Miller Bruce R. WeirIngo Gores Duane L. WillseJohn Mitchell Hall* Christopher WitkowskiDISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines f

9、or the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or

10、that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes,bysuggestings

11、afepracticesindesigningandinstallingequipment,byprovidingproperdefinitionsofthisequipment,andbyprovidingother information that may serve to guide the industry.The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referri

12、ng to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20112012Carol E. Marriott, Chair Krishnan Gowri Janice C. PetersonKenneth W. Cooper, Vice-Chair Ma

13、ureen Grasso Douglas T. ReindlDouglass S. Abramson Cecily M. Grzywacz Boggarm S. SettyKarim Amrane Richard L. Hall James R. TaubyCharles S. Barnaby Rita M. Harrold James K. VallortHoy R. Bohanon, Jr. Adam W. Hinge William F. WalterSteven F. Bruning Debra H. Kennoy Michael W. WoodfordDavid R. Conover

14、 Jay A. Kohler Craig P. WraySteven J. Emmerich Eckhard A. Groll, BOD ExOAllan B. Fraser Ross D. Montgomery, COStephanie C. Reiniche, Manager of StandardsSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifyinga guideli

15、ne for the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As a guideline it is not definitive butencompasses areas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are writtento assist professionals in th

16、e area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are prepared by project committees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The projectcommittee chair and vice-chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or

17、 may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Development of ASHRAE Guidelines follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance isdesired but not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but con

18、sensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and(d) Guidelines are not submitted to ANSI for approval.The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering construc

19、tive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 28-2012, Air Quality within Commercial AircraftSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Conversion Factors 35 Systems and Equipment. 46 Cabin Pressure. 77 T

20、emperature and Relative Humidity. 158 Trace Contaminants . 169 References . 38Informative Appendix A: Measurement Methods for Airborne Contaminants, Cabin Pressure, Airflow,and Air Velocity43Informative Appendix B: References for Appendix A and Relevant Bibliography.53NOTEApproved addenda, errata, o

21、r interpretations for this guideline can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEWeb site at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2012 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

22、-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute.2 ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012(This foreword is not part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the guideline.)FOREWORDThis guideline

23、 is intended to serve as a companion toANSI/ASHRAE Standard 161-2007, Air Quality within Com-mercial Aircraft. Standard 161 provides an air quality stan-dard that addresses the unique characteristics of the aircraftcabin environment and aircraft operations. In the process ofdeveloping this standard,

24、 the project committee gathered andorganized a considerable amount of research and other sup-porting information related to assuring good air qualitywithin the aircraft cabin. In order to keep the standard docu-ment reasonably concise, much of this information was notincluded in Standard 161. Guidel

25、ine 28, which carries thesame title as the standard, utilizes this information to provideadditional guidance that can be used for assessing andassuring cabin air quality.1. PURPOSEThis guideline serves as a companion to ASHRAE Stan-dard 161 (ASHRAE 2007) and provides supplemental infor-mation on air

26、 quality in air-carrier aircraft and onmeasurement and testing related to aircraft air quality.2. SCOPE2.1 This guideline applies to commercial passenger air-carrier aircraft carrying 20 or more passengers and certifiedunder Title 14 CFR Part 25 (FAA 2008b).2.2 This guideline considers chemical, phy

27、sical, and bio-logical contaminants as well as, but not limited to, factorssuch as moisture, temperature, and pressure that may affectair quality.3. DEFINITIONSair, ambient: the outside air surrounding the aircraft.air, engine bleed: air extracted from the compressor stages ofgas turbine propulsion

28、engines and auxiliary power units.air, outside: the fraction of supply air that has not been recir-culatedinthecabin.Asusedinthisguideline,thetermusuallyrefers to ambient air that is compressed in either the aircraftengines or APU, conditioned in the ECS, and supplied to theaircraft cabin. During gr

29、ound operations, this term can alsorefer to ambient air that is conditioned by the ECS, groundcart, or airport conditioner, and delivered to the cabin.air, recirculated: air from the aircraft passenger cabin that isreused as part of the supply air.air,supply:airdeliveredtotheaircraftcabinandusedforp

30、res-surization, ventilation, temperature control, and humiditycontrol.air-conditioning system (packs): a part of the environmentalcontrol system, typically pneumatically powered, thatprovides cooling and heating for aircraft cabin temperaturecontrol.aircraft, commercial: aircraft engaged in common c

31、arriageper FAA 8300.10 (FAA 2006).alveolar partial pressure: thepartialpressureofoxygenattheinterface between the lungs and the blood.auxiliary power unit (APU): a gas-turbine powered unit thatprovides electrical power and compressed air to operateaircraft systems independent of the aircraft propuls

32、ionengines.blood oxygen saturation: the level of oxygen dissolved in theblood as compared to the maximum level of oxygen capableof being carried by the blood.cabin: a term applied to any spaces in the aircraft occupied bypassengers or crew members.cabinaltitude:theeffectivealtitudetowhichtheaircraft

33、cabinis pressurized.cabin pressure control system (CPCS): part of the environ-mental control system that regulates cabin altitude.contaminant: an airborne constituent that may reduce accept-ability of the air.cockpit: see flight deck.emergency cabin depressurization: loss of cabin pressure inan envi

34、ronment where supplemental oxygen is required tosustain human life.environmental control system (ECS): the equipment in anaircraft used to pressurize, ventilate, air condition, dehumid-ify, or humidify the aircraft cabin. It includes cabin-supplyairflow control, pressure control, temperature control

35、, distri-bution, recirculation, and air cleaning.flight:atermusedinthisguidelinetodescribethestatusoftheaircraftanytimeitisnotincontactwiththeground.(Thisdefi-nition is not necessarily consistent with the FAA definition of“flight operations.”)flight deck: the portion of the aircraft occupied by the

36、pilotsfor the purpose of aircraft operation (also referred to as thecockpit).flight management computer: aircraft system that controlsnavigation. It may also include fuel management and flightplanning functions.ground operations: a term used in this guideline to describethestatusoftheaircraftanytime

37、itisincontactwiththegroundand is occupied by at least one crew member.high-altitude operations: aircraft flight in an outside environ-ment incapable of sustaining human life.high-performanceliquidchromatography(HPLC):atestfordetermining the different contaminants in a chemical sampleand their respec

38、tive ratios in the sample; in this method, asample is dissolved in a solvent and analyzed using a chro-matograph.ASHRAE Guideline 28-2012 3hypoxia:anystateinwhichtheoxygeninthelung,blood,and/or tissues is abnormally low compared with that of a normalresting person breathing air at sea level.nondispe

39、rsive infrared (NDIR) analysis: a test for determin-ing contaminants in a chemical sample. In this method, a gassample is analyzed using an infrared spectral detector.outflow valve: a part of the cabin pressure control system thatopens or closes to maintain the cabin pressure.ozone converter:apartof

40、theenvironmentalcontrolsystemorair-conditioning system used to reduce the ozone present inthe outside air supply to acceptable levels for cabin occupantrespiration.personalairflowoutlet(PAO):anadjustableairsupplynozzlelocated at the passenger-seat overhead console or crew stationthat is individually

41、 controlled by the passenger or crewmember. It is also commonly known as a gasper or an indi-vidual outlet.pressure relief valves:valvesusedtoprotecttheaircraftstruc-ture from excessive positive or negative differential pressure.quick-donning oxygen mask: a supplemental oxygen maskprovided to cockpi

42、t crew specifically designed to be appliedover the nose and mouth very rapidly in case of emergencycabin depressurization.respirable particulate matter (RPM): liquid and particulatematter suspended in the air that can reach the lower region ofthe lungs.supplemental oxygen: oxygen supplied to the pas

43、sengers andcrew to prevent hypoxia.UV absorption photometry: a test for measuring contaminantlevels in an airstream by monitoring absorption of ultraviolet(UV) light by the contaminants.ventilation:theprocessofsupplyingairtoorremovingitfroma space for the purpose of controlling air contaminant level

44、s,cabin pressure, humidity, airflow patterns, and temperaturewithin the space.volumetric airflow: the volume of air that flows through aspace in a given amount of time.4. CONVERSION FACTORS4.1 Contaminant Concentrations. The concentrations ofgaseous contaminants are often expressed in terms of volum

45、efractions, mole fractions, and mass densities. Numerically,volume fractions and mole fractions are identical for idealgases.The gasses in aircraft cabins behave as ideal gasses.Vol-ume or mole fractions are normally expressed as parts per mil-lion (ppm), and mass densities are normally expressed as

46、micrograms per cubic metre (g/m3).Although it is customaryto convert between these two forms of expression using stan-dard conditions of 77F (25C) and one atmosphere (1 atm) ofpressure, 14.696 psi (101.33 kPa), for some aircraft types, thecabin altitude can be as high as 8000 ft (2440 m), resulting

47、incabin pressure as low as 0.74 atm, or 10.91 psi (75.2 kPa).Consequently, the conversion between volume or mole frac-tion and mass density depends on cabin pressure.The relationship between volume or mole fraction andmass density for a contaminant in air is expressed by thefollowing equations:(4-1)

48、or(4-2)whereCi= volume or mole fraction of contaminant i in theair, ppmDi= mass density of contaminant i in the air, g/m3Mi= molecular weight of contaminant i, kg/kmolP = pressure of the air in the cabin, kPaR = universal gas constant, 8314 J/kmolKT = absolute temperature of the air, KEquations 4-1

49、and 4-2 are accurate if the concentration ofthe contaminant is small (i.e., C 10 m, depending on the instru-ment and how it is calibrated. Particles smaller than 0.1 mASHRAE Guideline 28-2012 19diameter are typically referred to as ultrafine particulatematter. Ultrafine particles are currently measured usingcondensation particles counters (CPC), which increase thediameteroftheparticlebyusingitascondensationnucleiuntilitislargeenoughtobedetectedopticallybyalaser.CPCsonlyprovide total number of particles as a function of time and donot provide any sizing information.