ASHRAE JOURN 38-4 OTCM-1996 ASHRAE Journal (Volume 38 Number 4 April 1996)《ASHRAE日报第38卷第4号 1996年4月》.pdf

1、 ASHRAE TITLEUJOURN 38-4UOTCM 96 m 0759b50 052L40L TI2 m Heres news thats bound to be the talk of the indutv. The MetisyP Faciliq Management System can now control systems from Honey- well, Robertshaw, Barbet- Colman and Landis $79 (includes postage for PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER-ASHRAE has compiled thi

2、s publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duly lo investigate, any product. service. pmcess, procedure. design, M the like which may be described herein. The appearance o any tech- nical data editorial material, or advertisement in this publica- tion

3、 does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any pmduct. service. process, procedure. design, or the like, ASHRAE does not warrant that the infor- mation in this publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does MI necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publicat

4、ion is assumed by the user. SUBSCRIPllONS-$8 per single copy (includes pwtage and handling on mail orders). Subscriptions for members $6 per Canadian). $149 international (includes air mail). Member- ship subscriptions have a mmmon June expiration. Non- member subscriptions may var. Payment (US fund

5、s) required wah all orders. POSTMASTER: Send fom 3579 to: ASHRAE Journal. 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329 LEllRSiMANUSCRIPTS-Letters to lhe editor and manu- scripts for publication should be sent to: William R. Coker, Editor, ASHRAEJoumal, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E Atlanta, GA 30329 MICROFIL

6、M-This publication is microfilmed by University Microfilms, inci(UMI), 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 481 06. For information on cost and issues available, you may contacl UM1 at 31 3-7614700. ASHRAE Journal April 1996 5 ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 38-4*0TCM 96 m 0759650 0523407 430 m MADISON MANUFACTURI

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10、pany. ELECTRIC MMC MADISON MANUFACTURING COMPANY AFFILIATE OF PEERLESS-WINSMITH, INC. ONE MADISON AVENUE, P.O. BOX 187, HOT SPRINGS, NC 28743-0187 704/622-7500 FAX: 704/622-3309 1 -800/613-4766 (Circle No. 7 on-Reader Service Card) . 6 ASHRAE Journal April 1996 ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 38-4*0TCfl 96 m 075

11、9650 0521408 377 m ASHRAE JOURNAL 1791 Tullie Circle N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305 ASHRAE Home Page http:lhww.ashrae.org 404-636-8400 FAX 404-321 -5478 . Controlling the Environment Through Knowledge EXECUTIVE DIRECTOWPUBLISHER Frank M. Coda PUBLISHING DIRECTOR W. Stephen Cornstock EDITORIAL EDIT

12、OR William R. Coker e-mail bcokerashrae.org MANAGING EDITOR Fred Turner e-mail Rurnerashrae.org ASSOCIATE EDITOR Shannon E. PowersJones e-mail spowersashrae.org WASHINGTON BUREAU J.E. Cox, P.E., Ph.D. Charles R Mir6 e-mail washofcashrae.org PUBLISHING SERVICES PUBLISHING SERVICES MANAGER Scott A. Ze

13、h GRAPHICS Susan Boughadou TYPOGRAPHY Kellie M. Frady Stefan R. Moore Nancy F. Thysell CIRCULATION CIRCULATION MANAGER Phyllis Maurer ADVERTISING ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Edwin F. Farley ADVERTISING PRODUCTION MANAGER Irene F. Eggeling ASHRAE OFFICERS PRESIDENT Richard B. Hayter, P.E., Ph.D. James E. Hil

14、l, Ph.D. TREASURER Donald E. Holte, P.Eng. VICE PRESIDENTS Harley W. Goodman, Jr., P.E. George A. Jackins, P.E. Laurance S. Staples, Jr. James E. Wolf SECRETARY Frank M. Coda PRESIDENT-ELECT POLICY GROUP 1995996 Chairman Journal/lnsights Committee Charles H. Cub, III, Ph.D. 5 Member of The Audit Bur

15、eau of Circulation William R. Coker pon its completion, the installation of a special HVAC system to preserve the art U treasures of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City, was widely reported. Although most coverage dealt with the preservation of frescoes in the chapel, a few short reports on the envir

16、onmental control system appeared in this and other publications. In this issue of ASHRAE Journal, the full story of modernizing the Sistine Chapel is presented along with some provocative ideas about the design of HVAC systems for special-use buildings. Charles E. Bullock, ASHRAE Fellow, Frank Phili

17、p and Walter Pennati discuss six principal factors generally considered in the design of special-use buildings: air tem- perature, air humidity, light air circulation, air-borne pollutants and sound level. The other features in this issue cover chiller applications, building data visualiza- tion, an

18、d thermal storage. C. Dave Williams discusses chiller applications that can optimize their use with thermal energy storage systems. Williams believes that using chillers in the proper thermal energy storage system configuration can increase their use and do it in ways that enhance safety, reliabilit

19、y and efficiency. Steven Meyers, Evan Mills, Allan Chen and Laura Demsetz look at the use of build- ing data visualization for diagnostics, operator feedback and performance optimization. The authors present case studies using specialized data visualization techniques to dis- play rich sets of build

20、ing variables and parameters. The technique permits the analysis of data at different times scales to identify or verify energy savings achieved by energy- efficient technology or identify malfunctions in building equipment. Edward J. ONeals award-winning project involved the design of a thermal sto

21、r- age system for the 232,000 ft2 (21 553 m2) Florida Regional Service Center in Ft. Meyers, Fla. His 1996 Technology Award Case Study, Thermal Storage System Achieves Operating and First-Cost Savings offers design of a system that is price- competitive with a conventional system and which saves sig

22、nificant amounts of energy. The system features ice thermal storage (full shift); indoor air that is a constant 77F (25C) DB at 37% RH with O.A. control by CO2 sensors; and no first-cost pre- mium. The system has saved $134,560 in energy over a 12-month span. It was installed for $2,475/ton which is

23、 $325/ton less than the bid for the conventional HVAC plant. From the High Renaissance to the 1996 ASHRAE Technology Awards, this issue provides models for successful WAC design. Let us know how you evaluate their usefulness to you by rating them (see box at the end of each article) and returning th

24、e W reader service response card that is in the back of the magazine. William R. Coker Journul Editor ASHRAE Journul April 1996 I central plant coiitro The backbone to Alertons B-iCtalk system is Ethernet. tlic world.? proeti l,A s steni. High speed (1 is iised to coiiiiect wor offer firlrl proprani

25、mable logic. IIACnet schedule s from 9600 to 7 corinertioris, siich as hand-held voinI)uters, and I dialup connections using iriocIeiris. BACnet routers rieetioris to illCiiet aiid LOAVORKS networks, ndorse BACrirt a-ith oiir BACtalk svstem. Sen Alerton Technologies, Tnc. 6670 185th Abe. VE. Redxnon

26、d. W14 9S052 VSA ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 38-4*OTCM 96 Alerton Tecliriologies, Tnc. is proud to announce ml a new line of controls based on ASHRAEs BACnet op e II p r o t o c o 1 for to days in t e Il ig e ri t buildings. RACnet is a powerful commiinicatioris standard which allows products from multiple r

27、rianufactiirers to work together. With BACriet, you will rio longer be held hostage to a proprietary control system. Once again, Alerton takes the leading role with the industry7s first c o mp 1 et e PXWd s y stem. Call today for more information about unitary controllers? global controllers and our

28、 outstanding Windows software. (Circle No. 8 on R rmYsm I I I = 0759b50 0523430 T25 CONVERSIONS RETAIN FULL CAPACITY R-11 to HCFC-123 R-12 to HFC-134a R-500 to HFC-134a Old Impeller vs. NREC Impeller NRECs high-performance replacement impellers can compensate for property differences between the old

29、 and new refrigerants. How we did it for DuPont When the worlds leading producer of refrigerants asked NREC to help rerate their chillers, our engineers developed more efficient, high-performance com- pressor impellers that produce full chiller capacity with DuPonts environmentally safer SUVA Centri

30、-LP. How we can do it for you Many companies are now following DuPonts lead and using NREC replace- ment impellers. Rerating the chiller com- pressor is more cost effective than replacing the entire machine. NREC im- pellers deliver the same capacity at the same speed with the same power con- sumpti

31、on for YORK. CARRIER WORTHINGTON NREC supplies replacement impellers or complete turnkey solutions. For a no-cost evaluation of your chiller system and an estimate for rerating your compressor, please call 61 7 935-9050. NREC INGERSOLLRAND 39 Olympia Avenue Woburn, Massachusetts 01801 USA Phone 61 7

32、 935-9050 Fax 61 7 935-9052 Study Shows 49% of Suits Resolved Without Payment By Fred Turner Managing Editor A survey of 985 consulting engineer- ing fms shows that the number of legal claims filed against those firms increased slightly in 1995 and that 49% of those claims were resolved without paym

33、ent. The survey was conducted by the American Consulting Engineers Coun- cil (ACEC) which mailed survey forms to its approximately 5,500 members and received a response from about 20%. The number of claims increased from 446 in 1994 when 934 firms responded, to 522 in 1995 when 985 firms respond- :d

34、. About 18% of the respondents were mechanical engineering firms. The av- :rage number of employees in all re- jponding firms was 52. Jack Kalavritinos, the 4CECs assistant general :oumel, said the survey shows that consulting en- ;ineering is an industry wracked with way too nany lawsuits” despite

35、;tatistics that show the :Ost of liability insurance xemiums as a percent of mual billings dropping rom 4.2% in 1989 to 1.4% in 1995. The survey showed hat about 35% of the i995 suits were filed ,gainst civil engineering Nearly IWO of three firms with more than 100 employees had at least one cluimjl

36、ed against ir. Firms with less than 10 employees hada 5.5% chance or less ofbeing sued. 13%) were second, en- Other effects are that 43% of the firms said the fear of litigation hurts their ability to hold down cost; and 44% said they sometimes turn down work be- cause of the fear of litigation. Kal

37、avritinos said the ACEC is attempt- ing to address the litigation issue on two fronts. The fust is by improving standard contract documents, and by working with insurers on risk management seminars and techniques. The second front is the state and federal legislative arenas where Kalavritinos said A

38、CEC is pushing for tort reform in three basic areas. The fmt is eliminating the con- cept of joint and several liability which is rironmental claims (10%) were third, ind mechanical engineering claims (9%) were fourth. Fifty-two percent of 1995 :laims were filed by owners and 13% vere filed by contr

39、actors or subcontrac- ors. Kalavritinos said the impact of the liti- :ation is felt beyond the cost of insurance, uid the time and expense of fighting litiga- ion. One of the ways shown in the survey s that firms are reluctant to try innovative pproaches to projects. Twenty-one per- ent of fms said

40、they were “very much” eluctant to try innovative techniques, i1 % said they were “somewhat” affected, nd 25% said were “a little” affected. often known as the “deep pockets” nile. “Basically, we support the concept that if a engineer is 20% liable, he should pay 20% of the damages,” he said. Some st

41、ates, said Kalavritinos, have laws that force that fm with 20% liability to pay 80% of the dam- ages if, for example, another defendant is bankrupt. Kalavritinos said the ACEC also sup- ports legislation that would create screen- ing panels to weed out frivolous claims in which a defendant uses the

42、“shotgun ap- proach and sues everybody involved in a project. Many states, he said, have these types of screening panels that review med- ical litigation. (Circle No. 9 on Reader Service Card) 10 ASHRAE Jourruil April 1996 ASHRAE TITLEaJOURN Claims by Discipline Other 17% Environment Architect 1 OYO

43、 4% Mechanical 9% Foundation 7% Civil Structural 13% 38% Electrical 5% I The mst claims were filed against civil engi- neers, followed by structural engineers, envi- ronmental engineers and mechanical engineers. The third component of tort reform is a statute of repose. Kalavritinos said this legisl

44、ation would set a reasonable time, such as 10 years, for a complaint to be filed. For example, the engineers couldnt be sued in 1995 for a bridge de- signed in 1980. “This makes sense be- 1 cause the design engineer is not responsible for the maintenance or up- keep,” said Kalavritinos. “To force th

45、e engineer to remain responsible for his entire life is not reasonable.” Other aspects of the survey showed that for responding firms: The average premium paid per firm increased by nearly $iO,OOO, from $61,577 in 1994 to $71,386 in 1995. The average limit of coverage per firm increased from $1.099

46、million to $1.266 million, and average deductible decreased from $43,130 to $42,156. The chances that a firm had at least one claim filed against it last year increased depending on size of the firm. Almost two of every three firms with more than 100 employees had at least one claim in 1995. Firms w

47、ith fewer than 10 employees had a 5.5% or less chance of being sued. Claims against civil engineers dropped back to its 1993 level but still accounted for the highest percent of claims. Structural claims continued its slow rise, while mechanical engineering claims decreased 4%. About 26.2% of the fi

48、rms have a claim pending, and 19.6 had a claim resolved in the last fiscal year. The average amount of work turned down per firm in 1995 was $113,053, down from $176,016 in 1994. ASHRAE Journul April 1996 (Circle No. i0 on Reader Service Card) ASHRAE TITLE*JOURN 3-Y*OTCM 96 m 0759650 052LYL3 734 m S

49、ealed Refrigeration Systems Re: “History of Sealed Reffigeraton Sys- tems,” by Bernard Nagengast ASHRAE Journal, January 19%) I have a friend in Glendale, Adz., Fred Tschanen. He had a GE refrigerator similiar to the drawing in Fig. 8, pg. S- 45. I called him to learn if he still had the machine, and if he knew if it was an OC- 2 model. His comment was “no I dont know the model no., and yes it is still working.” He keeps his 12 oz. beverages in it, and was sipping on one while chid- ing me about the -20F (-28.