1、 l I For Maximum Real- World Chiller Efficiency, Turn to MxE“ Chillers Maximum Efficiency While some chillers claim high efficiency at design conditions, its off-design efficiency that counts in the real world. Thats because chillers typically spend 99% of their operating hours at off-design conditi
2、ons. And no competitive chiller line matches YORK MAXE“ chillers in real- world energy performance, the combined performance at all operating conditions. In fact, MxE chillers have some of the best Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) ratings in the industry. Maximum Versatility In the real world, no s
3、ingle chiller can meet all application needs. Thats why MAXE chillers offer a choice of compressors, refrigerants, and drives. The versatility of our global-design platform means that you can tailor a chiller to suit your unique specifications. If you want a chiller line that offers real-world effic
4、iency and versatility, the direction is clear - MAXE chillers from YORK. I I( l d I 1 h UYORK - - Circle No. IO on Reader Service Card orvisitwww.pub-lrslashrae Engineering Industries Co. :ily Aulti Sections Petra Engineering Industries management, with over 30 years of experience in the field of de
5、sign and manufacturing of HVAC equipment is committed to providing products and services of the highest quality worldwide. To ensure the highest level of quality, all production procedures are carried out according to IS0 9001 Quality Management System and IS0 14001 Environmental Management System.
6、Petra takes great pride in its various airside products, with fan-coil units ranging in capacity from 200 CFM up to 10,000 CFM and air-handling units providing as little as 1,200 CFM to large built up air-handlers. The various markets Petra serves contribute to the experience and know- how Petra is
7、well known for. Stringent requirements other manufacturers may withdraw from are considered challenges at Petra. Flexibility in design and manufacturing gives Petra the edge it needs in order to stay ahead. For more information dease contact Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and California Distributo
8、r - North New Jersey South New Jersey Air Treatment Corporation w DEBTRA Air Conditioning Sales Peirce - Phelps, Inc. Tel (909) 869-7975 Fax 595-6874 Tel (973) 983-1130 Fax (973) 691-9612 Tel (800) 342-2304 Fax (215) 879-5141 -* 3 * *WM$ Canada Distributor D-8 Cooling Systems Tel 1703 722-8383 Fax 7
9、22-0892 405-1 055 FOX 405- ales Tel (9626) 4051 -425 Fax 405-1 44704 Outside US (41 Contents Feature Articles * 2 a$ Residential Ventilation and Latent Loads By joseph Lstiburek, Ph. D., Eng. n %* g$q* New Developments in Gas Cooling j By William Ryan, Ph.D., PE. 3 Minimum Outside Air Damper Control
10、 and Dan Kramer, FE. Focus on Fans and Blowers Refrigeration Applications Variable Retention Time Freezers By George C. Briley, PE. Departments Commentary . : . 5 Industry News . 6 Products 43 Classified Advertising 53 Advertising Index . 56 Letters . I2 Meetings and Shows I5 People . 4 I Reader Ser
11、vice Card 56a About the Cover An ASHRAE Technology Award-winning project at Cornell University uses deep, cold lake water as a non-contact cooling source for the c9mpus chilled water system. The background cover photo shows a tugboat towing materials to the deployment site. The inset shows an intake
12、 ready for sinking. For more about this project, see Page 37. Volume 44 Number 4 April 2002 “I needed some fast specs from my distributor, but he was jammed up. Coincidentally,TacoNet 7.0 arrived in my mail box that day. Timing is everything, I guess. Loading the software was flawless (unusual for e
13、ngineering and catalog programs) and in less than an hour I had seven pumps and two heat exchangers selected. I faxed them to our rep to simplify his job on getting me a quote. Thanks very much - you sure do make my job easier.“ -Allen Crosby, F1EJM.E. Encoi Alle npass Our thanks to n Crosby, PE./M.
14、E. Energy Solutions Sacramento, CA. NewTacoNet 7.0, the easiest HVAC product selection and specification software in the industry. Get it free at www.taco-. WATER CIRCULATION, FLOW CONTROL, AIR ELIMINATION, FLOW MEASUREMENTIBALANCING, ELECTRONIC CONTROLS - Do it once, Do it right. Iiaco - Circle No.
15、 9 on Reader Service Card or visit www.pub- Where Credit Is Due am proud to be a part of ASHRAE. But I sometimes have trouble describing ASHRAE to my friends. This is partly because ASHRAE deals with technologies instead of people and products. Its also because my friends are only interested in golf
16、. Whats unfortunate is that ASHRAEs contributions to society are largely untold. An example is a recent article in the New York Times about the phenomenal increases in the sale and variety of frozen food products. More than 245 dinners and entrees were introduced in 2001. Sales increased to $7.2 bil
17、lion in 2001, 7% more than 2000. The article discusses the economic drivers and how ready-to-cook meals and side dishes have made our lives easier and healthier. It also cites recent technical advances in quality that started five years ago with the “rising crust” that gave frozen pizza the taste an
18、d consistency of pies from a pizzeria. Subsequent advances include quick-freezing technologies that prevent flavor degradation, sprayed-on sauces and spices for improved I Fred Turner distribution, and frozen flavor “lozenges” that melt into food. YOU WOULDNT expect to read about ASHRAE in a New Yor
19、k Times article on frozen foods. But you could. Such an article could start with Clarence Birdseye who in the 1920s developed a process to freeze fresh vegetables and another process to remove water so vegetables can be efficiently packaged. Birdseye was a fellow in the American Society of Refrigera
20、ting Engineers (ASRE), one ofASHRAEs predecessors. ASHRAE librarian Emily Sigman says Birdseye actively participated on ASRE technical committees, wrote a number of papers and enjoyed entertaining his ASRE colleagues with dinners made solely from his frozen products. The article also could mention t
21、he 17 ASHRAE research projects on food preservation, 19 ASHRAE standards on refrigeration, the 700-plus page ASHRAE Refrigeration Handbook, 23 books or CDs, several position papers, and many articles, including George Brileys article in this issue. The bottom line is ASHRAE will never get the credit
22、 its due. But the thousands of volunteers who do the research, raise money for research, develop standards and equipment, produce handbook chapters and write articles still should be proud French Technology Displayed at Interclima PARISAS 2001 drew to aclose, Frances “The concern for better control
23、of en- economy grew at its slowest pace in two ergy consumption is linked to the desire and a half years. The countrys manufac- for safety, comfort and equipment that turers of components for air-condition- offers higher performance. This requires ing, heating and refrigeration systems professionals
24、 to constantly improve.” reported that sales increased just 3.2% France is already one of the countries emitting the lowest amounts L from renewable sources from in 2001 compared to nearly 10% in 2000. Weakening domestic sales offset con- tinued growth in exports. Yet, French industry offi- cials pr
25、edicted good long- term results as they met at the French 6% to 12% by 2010, France will need to trade fair “Interclima,” Feb. 5 to 9, inParis increase its renewable energy production Porte de Versailles Exhibition Center. from 15% to 21%. The French govern- “The relationship of our industry with me
26、nt is counting on wind, photovoltaic the environment is stimulating new tech- and geothermal sources or biomass to nological advances,” said Bertrand close the gap. Montmoreau, president of Interclima. The difference between France and its _ . Selecting the right HVAC system can be the difference be
27、tween a building asset and liability. By using geothermal and water-soum heat uumus from WaterFurnace, you can change that next project from ordinary to extraordinary. WaterFurnace offers an extensive line of high qualitY, high effiCienW comfort uroducts for a wide range of applications. All at a pr
28、ice thats competitive and affordable. Watetfurnace uioducts-a smart investment in savings, comfort and satisfaction. I call: 800.436.7283 or visit I Circle No. 35 on Reader Service Card or visit www.pub- 6 Interdima 2002 showcased state-of-the- art products from 623 exhibitors. European neighbors i
29、s striking. In 1999, energy produced from wind amounted COOL WUTIONS Perfect for Any Building New, Retrofit hoiceof 4 coolant systems and hundreds of other options, Mini-Mate2 gives you great flexibility in new construction and retrofits. Mini-Mate2 also gives you and your customers Liebert quality
30、- as reliable and dependable as they come. Available in 1-8 tons, Mini-Mate2 is ready to ship, with short turnaround on almost all configurations. t us help! Get a FREE* CD-ROM with dozens of CAD drawings of Mini-Mate2 to make specifying even easier. Hurry! Quantities are limited! Visit or call 800
31、-877-9222 to register and to get complete specifications on Mini-Mate2! - Mini-Mate2 is one of many great solutions from Liebert, the experts in protecting critical electronic systems from power and environmental threats. FREE CAD DRAWINGS EM ERSON, ilfetwork Power EMERSON. CONSIDER IT SOLVED“. Circ
32、le No. 6 on Reader Service Card or visit www.pub- WENNSOFT develops business solutions and Internet applications for field service, constmctionlcontractors and project- oriented industries. Service Management Series is a comprehensive dispatch, scheduling, invoicing, and maintenance contract solutio
33、n available for traditional client/server or Internet-based platforms integrated with several financial systems. Our multiple wireless solutions, including interactive paging, handheld computers, and MobileTEC, extend service operations to field technicians. Job Cost is a build-to-order, detailed pr
34、oject tracking system including change orders, subcontractor management and detailed cost tracking. Our Internet offerings range from our complete Service Management system to multiple customer and employee-facing web portals including eCustomer Portal, a web-based customer service tool which allows
35、 a users customer to place service calls, access call statuses, equipment histories, contract details, project updates, and even drawings and manuals-all online. WENNSOFT products include seamless integration with Microsoft Great Plains financials. SERVICE MANAGEMENT- JOB COST- WIRELESS 1 WEB PORTAL
36、S - INTERNET ENABLED 3 Wf NNSOf TIN, 262.821.4 100 Circle No. 25 on Reader Service Card or visit www.pub-lrclashrae 8 “Energy sa vingis promi- nentin the supporthgar- gumen ts, “ said Pa ul Brejon, who headed a jury selecting the most innovative products at Interchha 2002. Brejon is also chairman o
37、f ASH=% associate so- ciety in France, AICL? to only 22 MW in France, whereas Germany generated 4445 MW and Denmark generated 1742 MW. The installed area of geothermal solar collectors in France was 674 O00 m2 (7.3 million ftz). However, Germany and Greece each had about four times more installed ar
38、ea than France. The power gener- ated by voltaic solar sources is only 10 MW in France but 66 MW in Germany and 18.6 MW in Italy. Interclima attendance surpassed 72,000 visitors versus 32,000 for the last edition of the show held in 1999. However, the 623 exhibitors were satisfied with the quality o
39、f attendees. he percentage of foreign visitors was just over 10%. Of the 9 ha (22 acres) total exhibit space, nearly half was occupied by manufacturers of heating products. Air-conditioning products accounted for 16% of exhibit space with the remainder of space evenly split among products covering m
40、onitoring, pumps, ven- tilation, refrigeration, and tools. Among the products exhibited, Halton, Ivry/Seine, France, showed a kitchen hood for deep fryers and grilles fitted with collection jets that save energy and reduce extraction flow by 40% compared with conventional systems. Installed as close
41、 as possible to the source of the pollution and heat, it is fitted with a washable cyclonic filter to filter out grease. Pressure inlets allow accurate air pressure balancing. Carly, Lissieu, France, showed an electronic oil level regu- lator that reinjects filtered oil directly into the crankcase o
42、f the compressor and limits excess pressure associated with the degassing of the return oil. The injection timing limits excess pressure associated with degassing in the crankcase of the compressor. LU-VE Contardo France, Lyon, showed commercial evapo- rators using high-efficiency electronic motors
43、that reduce en- ergy consumption by up to 62%. Distributors allow maximum output to be obtained from the evaporator, whatever the ther- mal load conditions in the chamber, the chamber temperature, and the type of refrigerant. Contractors at the show were interested in software that al- lows them to
44、create web sites for their firms. Winigloo, Paris, lets contractors present information about their companies and connect to a portal that provides business news, technical data, regulations, and training material April 20021ASHRAE Journal An offshore windfarm in Denmark. Offshore Wind Technology Sh
45、ows Promise BRUSSELS, Belgium-The technology for the construction and operation of off- shore windfarms is now ready for large- scale application - and companies in the fields of engineering and services are preparing to take part. This can be seen in the conclusions of the Concerted Action on Offsh
46、ore Wind Energy in Europe (CA-OWEE) project of the European Union. The project in- volved 17 entities from 13 European countries that have brought together knowledge on this subject from all over Europe. The Wind Energy section at TU Delft, which coordinated the project, has published a final report
47、 at www.0 ffshorewindenergy.org . CA-OWEE was funded by the European Commission to stimulate the develop- ment of offshore wind-energy into an im- portant energy source. Now that the tech- nology is viable, the most important chal- lenges lie in the reduction of costs, the building up of experience
48、and confidence in the building and maintenance of large wind-parks, the connection of these parks to existing electricity networks and the consequences for the landscape and birds. The authors of the report make sug- gestions for where further research should be focused. The European Commissions pro
49、ject focused on large-scale exploitation of offshore wind by wind-turbines with a large capacity and high scores for per- formance, sustainability, availability and reliability. The EU would like wind-tur- bines that are friendlier for the environ- ment and cost less to install and produce than current units. Currently, the largest European off- shore wind-turbine park is at Middelgrunden, sever
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