ASHRAE JOURN SUPP NOV-1996 ASHRAE Journal (Supplement November 1996).pdf

1、 STD-ASHRAE JOURN SUPP NOV 2996-ENGL 2997 W 0759b50 0532441 494 m 1. Sensorless Vector Control for precise torque regulation. Has high starting torque of Automatic Maximum Energy Saving for cost efficient performance. J300 150% at 1 Hz, and meed automaticallv selects regulation ratio as small as +/-

2、I%. minimum running current for a required load. I Digital Speed Processor (DSP) and High Speed Microcomputer provide I External Cooling Fin ign allows use of ler and lower cost enclosures for your application. quick torque response speed 1 Electronic Thermal Motor rotection During Low Speed Operati

3、on. a Intelligent Terminal Caoabilities allows user to customize terminai outputs. r OT u. I secona. Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) ensures high starting torque is provided even if the line voltage has dropped. e Auto Tuning automaticall matches your motor to the J300 inverter for greater perfor

4、mance. “Fuzzy Logic“ Setting allows you to optimize the acceleration and deceleration of your application . an industry first. I Dual Rating for constant/ variable torque applications. 7. Two Sets of Motor Constants Can be Stored in Microcomputer. emote capability. . Process Control Function allows

5、user to select up to 8 process modes. - Automatic Restart Capability for “spinning motor“ routine. - Multiple Option Board Design allows extended capability to match your application. Options include Serial Communications, Encoder Feedback, PI Control, Analog Interface, Digital interface, Relay Outp

6、ut, and High Resolution. erb features are all part of the award winning J300 Series. J300 Inverter . Dual AccelerationlDeceleration Capability. = Seven Multiple Speed Settings. I Software Locking Capability. from 1/4 to 400 horsepower, 230 or 460 volt, single or 3 phase. Choose the Hitachi drive tha

7、ts right for your UL/CSA Listed. application. HITACHI 12. Error Storage Capability. Hitachi Ame 660 White Plains Road Tar l ., I (Circle No. 1 on Reader Service Card) STD.ASHRAE JOURN SUPP NOV Lb-ENGL 1997 075b50 05324Li2 320 m We Havent Rendered Other Inverter Duty Motors Completely Obsolete. Theyl

8、l Still Make Lovely Paperweights. Great doorstops, too. Thats because process. The result: an industry-high only Lincoln offers the Ultimate threeyear warranty against turn-to- Spike DefenseTM (U.S.D.) Insulation turn, phase-to-phase or phase-to- System. Our Inverter Duty CTACB and ground failure, r

9、egardless of drive VTACTM motors incorporate advanced tech- nology magnet wire, insulation materials, and a solvent-based varnish to deliver unusually high temperature tolerance. But then we go one critical step beyond, combining these performancefocused designs with our unique in-slot manufacturing

10、 brand, distance between motor and drive, or carrier frequency. And of course, Lincoln motors are made right, right in the 1J.S.A. So use Lincoln Inverter Duty motors to anchor your operation. And everyone elses to hold down your paperwork. For more information, see the numbers listed below. I MOTOR

11、 DIVISION - Call us at 1-800-416-2266, fax us at 1-88PETDI peeci rives By Stanley M. Gorman Gorman is sales manager for Reily Electrical Supplys Houston branch. A graduate of Louisana Tech, Gorman has served on several distributor advisory councils for Allen Bradley. He IS a member of Institute of E

12、lectronic and Electrical Enginelers (IEEE) and the Instrumentation Soci- ety of America 36 vvhat9 Ain TMS AOU wD By Warren H Lewis Lewis is president of Lewis Consulting Services in San Juan Capistrano, Calif. Lewis is a nation- ally recognized authority on grounding, power quality and harmonics He

13、is Co-author of the Fed- eral Information Processing Standards (FIPS 94) “Guideline or Electric Power for ADP IrJsfaiIafons. ” 43 Conditions to Be Aware off o I today The energy it consumes in the form of thermal losses is in the order of five times lower than the losses in the machines it drives. /

14、i Nevertheless, some motor types and end applications offer the opportunity to reduce motor losses by 20% to 40%. The energy efficiency of a typical (50 HP) motor found in HVAC/R applica- tions is 91%. A 20% to 40% reduction in losses means an efficiency improve- ment to 93% or more. Industry studie

15、s indicate that larger electric motors (over 125 HP) are already highly efficient due to purchas- ing influences from end users. On the other hand, motors under 125 HP have traditionally been purchased more on the basis of first cost, size, and weight than on energy efficiency. Thus, for motors in t

16、ypical HVAC/R applications, an opportunity exists to trade off first cost and size for higher efficiency and resulting energy conser- vation. Motor Labeling2 Indicating the efficiency on a motor nameplate informs buyers so the most efficient motor can be selected for a given application. There is no

17、 guaran- tee that the stated value is the actual efficiency of any or all motors in that rating. The National Electrical Manufac- turers Association (NEMA) adopted November 1996 standard MG 1-12.54.1 that calls for the nominal efficiency of polyphase motors 1 HP to 125 HP to be identified on the mot

18、or nameplate. The NEMA standard is based on testing a statisti- cally valid sample, so the NEMA effi- ciency table (Table B-I) includes both a nominal and a minimum full load efficiency value expected from a large population of motors of a given design. The nominal efficiency value repre- sents the

19、average efficiency of a large population of motors of the same design. The minimum value is the low- est efficiency allowed for a motor of specific design within a designated effi- ciency band. Motor Losses and Loss Reduction Techniques 33 The only way to improve motor effi- ciency is to reduce moto

20、r loses. Since motor losses result in heat rejected into the atmosphere, reducing losses not only saves energy directly but can reduce cooling loads on a facilitys air- conditioning system. Motor energy losses can be segre- gated into five major areas. Each area is influenced by the motor manufac- t

21、urers design and construction deci- sions. One design consideration, for example, is the size of the air gap between the rotor and the stator. Large air gaps tend to maximize efficiency at the expense of power factor. Small air gaps slightly compromise efficiency while significantly improving power

22、factor. Motor losses may be grouped into fixed losses and variable losses. Fixed losses occur whenever the motor is energized and remain constant for a given voltage and speed. Variable losses increase with motor load. The five loss categories are described below. Core Thus, for motors in loss and w

23、indage/ friction I typical HVACIR loss are 11 applications, an fixed. The I opportunity exists _ to trade off first variable: Other three I I cost and size for losses are 1.Core 11 higher efficiency i 1 and resulting energy loss results from energy 1 pnservation. required to L -.-._I_ magnetize the

24、core material (hysteresis) and includes losses due to eddy currents that flow in the core. Core losses may be decreased by using improved per- meability electromagnetic (silicon) steel and by lengthening the core to reduce magnetic flux density. Eddy cur- rent losses are reduced by using thin- ASHRA

25、E Journal 11 OPEN MOTOR 2 Pole (3600 RPM) 4 Pole (1800 RPM) 6 Pole (1200 RPM) Pole (900 RPM) ! windings. These losses are sometimes c) Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Nominai Minimum HP Efficiency Efficiency Efficimcy Effaency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency . 1.0 NA NA .

26、 825 81.5 74.0 72.0 1.5 82.5 84.0 . 82.5 75.5 74.0 87.5 86.5 5.0 85.5 84.0 . 7.5 87.5 86.5 88.5 . 87.5 902 . 89:5 20.0 90.2 . 89.5 30.0 91.0 . 90.2 40.0 91.7 . 91.0 50 92.4 91.7 91.7 91.0 92.4 91.7 93.0 92.4 60 93.6 93.0 75.0 93.0 92.4 . . . . . . 93.6 93.0 100.0 93.0 92.4 94.1 -93.6 93.6 93.0 125.0

27、 93.6 93.0 94.5 .94.1 93.6 93.0 95.0 94.5 93.6 93.0 95.0 94.5 94.5 94.1 2 Pole t3 RPM) Nominai Minimum HP Efficiency Efficiency 1.0 -. NA NA 1.5 82.5 . 815 2.0 84.0 . 825 3.0 84.0 . 82.5 5.0 85.5 . 84.0 ENCLOSED MOTOR 4 Pole (1600 RPM) 6 Pole (u00 RPM) Nominal Minimum Nominal Minimum Efficiency Effi

28、ciency Efficiency Effiaency 825 . 815 84.0 . 825 84.0 . 825 86.5 . 85.5 a75 . 86.5 80.0 . 78.5 8413 . 82.5 85.5 . 84.0 86.5 “.“ 85.5 87.5 . 86.5 8 Pole i900 RPM) Nominal Minimum Efficiency Efficiency 74.0 72.0 75.5 74.0 85.5 84 O 86.5 85 . 5 87.5 86.5 89.5 88.5 .m.o 90.2 3.0 91.0 91.7 . 91.0 30.0 91

29、.0 924 91.7 40.0 91.7 . . 92.4 91.7 91.0 90.2 93.0 92.4 91.0 902 . 50.0 92.4 93.0 . 92.4 91.7 91.0 93.6 . 93.0 93.6 93.0 94.1 . 93.6 . 100.0 93.0 92.4 94.1 . 93.6 94.1 . 93.6 125 93.6 . 93.0 94.5 . 94.1 i50 93.6 . 93.0 95.0 . 94.5 200.0 94.5 “_ 94.1 . 95 94.5 94.5 94.1 93.6 93.D . Table 01: The nomi

30、nal and minimum full load efficiency value expected from a large popula- tion of motors of the same design. P-7 (c) To obtain information relating to limita- tions or special conditions applying to the product; and (d) To obtain the titles and designations of the standards used to investigate pioduc

31、ts in a spe- cific category. in the directoiy are qualified to provide products that bear the UL Mark but might not be the actual manufacturer. General information at the begin- ning of each product category provides important information regarding the scope and limitation of the listings and genera

32、l description of the Listing Mark authorized for products of that cate- gory. The scope of sizes and ratings in the information preceding each prod- uct category in the UL directory is intended to report the current range of listings and does not necessarily limit what might be considered for Listin

33、g. The companies whose names appear Limitations of Listing Only products that bear a UL Listing Mark are UL Listed. For HVAC/R equip ment, the UL listing mark on the prod- uct must include: the name and/or symbol of Underwriters Laboratories Inc.; the word “Listed” a UL control number; and the produ

34、ct or category name. the current, voltage, and horsepower limits, markings, special descriptions, installation provisions, or other limita- tions specified in the UL Directories preceding each product category. Unless a specific safety function is con- cerned, the efficacy of a product has not been

35、investigated. on the unit, such as the allowable material for fieldconnected wiring to the power suppy conductors. Equip ment must be marked to indicate whether copper conductors only or aluminum and/or copper clad alumi- num conductors may be used. This marking is independent of any marking on the

36、terminals and visible during unit installation and inspection after unit installation. 20 ASRRAEJouml Special attention should be given to Limitations can appear as markings Such a marking is typically located on a surface adjacent to the terminals or included on the attached unit wiring diagram. Th

37、e conductor materiai(s) specified by the marking applies to the wires connected to the unit itself. Other conductor materials may be used else- where in the circuits supplying the unit provided proper consideration is given to ampacities, splicing methods, etc. Limitations of the listing can also ap

38、ply to installation provisions, such as when units are marked to show the maximum ampere rating and type of short-circuit and ground-fault protective device for each applicable power sup ply circuit. The limitations of the mark- ings apply to the protective devices installed on the line side of the

39、supply circuit conductors, not to protective devices factory installed in the unit. The type of protective device marked on the unit is significant since the various types of devices do not necessarily provide the same level of protection for all units. Briefly, if the marking indicates: “Fuse”: onl

40、y fuses are to be used. “HACR Type Circuit Breaker” and “Fuse”: either fuses or circuit breakers marked “HACR Type” may be used. “Fuse or Circuit Breaker” or “Over- current protection”: fuses or any type UL requires that the responsible manufac- turer or private labeler be identified on the product

41、nameplate by a company name, trade name or trademark. of circuit breaker (including “HACR Type”) may be used. fault protective devices should comply with the National Electrical Code. The ampere or wattage marking on power consuming equipment is valid only when the equipment is supplied at its marke

42、d rated voltage. In general, In any case, short circuit and ground- the current input to heating appliances or resistance heating equipment will increase in direct proportion to an increase in the supply voltage, while the current input to an induction motor supplying a constant load will increase i

43、n proportion to a decrease in the sup ply voltage. These increases in current can cause overcurrent protection devices to open even when these devices are properly selected on the basis of nameplate ratings. Product identification Markings UL requires that the responsible manufacturer or private lab

44、eler be identified on the product nameplate by a company name, trade name or trade- mark. This company is also known as the “Listee” and is the name that appears in ULs published Directories. The nameplate of every product bearing a UL Listing Mark must include a distinctive model identification. Th

45、is may be a “Model NO.,” “Type,” “Cat. No.,” “Part No“ or similar identifica- tion, and may consist of any combina- tion of numbers and letters. The nameplates of listed products are also required to include the appro priate electrical ratings for the product. These ratings identiy the required char

46、- acteristics of the power supply to be connected to the product and the load characteristics that the product will impose on the power supply. Name plate markings may be provided to determine the supply wire size and type and maximum rating of the protective devices to be installed on the line side

47、 of the supply circuit conductors. Other markings concerning the proper installation of the product may be provided on the product or on the wiring diagram, such as whether cop per or aluminum supply circuit conduc- tors are to be used. The electrical and other required markings will depend on the r

48、equire ments in the appropriate UL standard used to evaluate the equipment for UL Listing. These markings help installers, inspection authorities and other inter- ested parties determine the proper and safe installation/operation of the equipment. 9 November 1996 HEAT GAIN/COOLING LOAD FROM ELECTRIC

49、AL EQUIPMENT By Kenneth M. Elovitz, PE Member ASHRAE lectrical distribution equipment (transformers, wiring, panel boards, etc.) is among the most efficient of a/ equipment in buildings, but it is not 100% efficient. The inefficiencies show up as waste heat, which HVAC 4 select the appropriate cool storage technology for a given application; 0 design successful cool storage systems. Then you need ASHRAEs . p k r Coo1 Thermal Storage. This new publication introduces the key engineering and economics of cool stor