ASHRAE REFRIGERATION IP HANDBOOK-2006 2006 ASHRAE Handbook Refrigeration.pdf

1、 CONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.David F. Ward (1)HEC Energy ServicesThomas K. ODonnell (1, 36)Gallo WineryRobert A. Jones (2)Sporlan ValveGene Troy

2、(2)IIARRonald A. Cole (3)R.A. Cole and Associates, Inc.Piotr Domanski (3)NISTMartin Timm (4)Praxair, Inc.George C. Briley (4, 26)Technicold Services, Inc.Robert Doerr (5)Trane Co.Tom Werkema (5)Arkema, Inc.David Wilson (5)Honeywell International, Inc.Alan Cohen (6)UOP LLCJay E. Field (6)Trane Co.Car

3、y Haramoto (6)Parker-Hannifin Corp.Fred F. Polley, Jr. (6)ZeochemRobert W. Woods (6)GRACE DavisonDavid R. Bellas (7)CPI Engineering Services, Inc.Richard L. Hall (7)BattelleThomas J. Leck (7)DuPont FluoroproductsSteven Pohlman (7)Shrieve Chemical ProductsNgoc Dung Rohatgi (7)Spauschus Associates, In

4、c.Chris Seeton (7)University of IllinoisLiwen Wei (7)Shrieve Chemical ProductsWard D. Wells (7)DuPontWarren L. Beeton (8)Copeland CorporationDenis F. Clodic (8)Amines CEPWilliam Dietrich (8)York InternationalDaniel J. Miles (8)Vacuum Technology Inc.Avraham Shitzer (9)Israel Institute of TechnologyBr

5、yan R. Becker (9, 10, 15, 16, 28)University of Missouri, Kansas CityBrian A. Fricke (9, 10, 15, 16, 28)University of Missouri, Kansas CityDonald J. Cleland (10, 11, 14)Massey UniversityGordon Follette (11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 24, 27)Follette Engineering, Inc.Dennis Halsey (11, 14)FES Systems, Inc.Da

6、niel Dettmers (11, 14, 20, 25)University of Wisconsin, MadisonK.N. Bramadathan (12)Christian Medical CollegeGodan Nambudiripad (12)General MillsWilliam Sperber (12)Cargill, Inc.Don Fenton (13)Kansas State UniversityS.A. Sherif (13)University of FloridaJohn Topliss (13, 34)Refrigeration Components RC

7、C Canada, Ltd. James F. Thompson (15, 22, 24)University of California, DavisPatricia A. Curtis (17, 18)Auburn UniversityGideon Zeidler (17, 18, 21)University of CaliforniaEd Fuhrmann (19)Lloyd Wickett (19)Flemming tele-phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2006 ASHRAE HandbookRefrigeration

8、covers the refrig-eration equipment and systems for applications other than humancomfort. This book includes information on cooling, freezing, andstoring food; industrial applications of refrigeration; and low-temperature refrigeration. Primarily a reference for the practicingengineer, this volume i

9、s also useful for anyone involved in coolingand storage of food products.This edition includes a new chapter (8), Refrigerant Contain-ment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation, reflecting this topicsimportance. An accompanying CD-ROM contains all the volumeschapters (in both I-P and SI units) in se

10、archable electronic format.Some of the other revisions and additions are as follows:Chapter 2, System Practices for Halocarbon Refrigerants, hasadded information on safety considerations in using copper tub-ing for refrigerant lines.Chapter 3, System Practices for Ammonia and Carbon DioxideRefrigera

11、nts, has a new title to reflect the addition of a new sec-tion on carbon dioxide as a refrigerant.Chapter 5, Refrigerant System Chemistry, has been reorganizedand contains updated information on environmental acceptability.Chapter 7, Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems, has been thoroughlyupdated, wit

12、h several new figures on various refrigerant/lubricantcombinations, plus new information on considerations for carbondioxide and CFC conversions.Chapter 9, Thermal Properties of Foods, contains updated surfaceheat transfer coefficients for food products.Chapter 10, Cooling and Freezing Times of Food

13、s, has beenextensively updated, with new geometric shape factors, and a newsection comparing freezing time estimating methods.Chapter 11, Commodity Storage Requirements, has updatedrequirements for vegetables, fresh fruits, and melons.Chapter 13, Refrigeration Load, has new material on heat gainfrom

14、 cooler floors and coil defrosting.Chapter 14, Refrigerated Facility Design, has new discussion ofdesign considerations for interstitial spaces.Chapter 15, Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and CutFlowers, contains new information on product requirements,loads, and time estimation methods, w

15、ith new figures and tableson cooling methods.Chapter 16, Industrial Food-Freezing Systems, updated through-out, has added discussion of dehydration losses.Chapter 18, Poultry Products, has been updated, particularly onfreezing effects on product quality, and control of texture and ten-derness.Chapte

16、r 22, Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit, contains new informa-tion on controlled-atmosphere storage and transport of some fruits.Chapter 27, Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods, has arevised section on potato products, and updates for regulatorychanges.Chapter 38, Cryogenics, now includes low-tempe

17、rature and inte-grated thermal and transport properties of cryogens and cryogenicmaterials; revised text on using refrigerant mixtures in cryocool-ers, including discussion of the Kleemenko cycle; and updates onpulse tube cryocoolers.Chapter 44, Refrigerant-Control Devices, has updates on floatswitc

18、hes, condenser-pressure-regulating valves, and pressure-relief devices, and a new section on liquid level sensors.Chapter 45, Factory Dehydrating, Charging, and Testing, has asubstantially revised section on testing with refrigerant.Chapter 46, Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment, hasbeen

19、reorganized for clarity, and has new discussions on self-contained versus remote systems, energy efficiency opportuni-ties, refrigerated storage rooms, and interaction with supermarketair-conditioning systems.Chapter 47, Food Service and General Commercial RefrigerationEquipment, largely revised, ha

20、s an expanded section on refriger-ated cabinets, and added discussion on refrigeration systems,vending machines, ice machines, preparation tables, and energyefficiency opportunities.Chapter 48, Household Refrigerators and Freezers, has been sub-stantially updated and reorganized, including adding a

21、new tableshowing energy consumption testing standards from around theworld.This volume is published, both as a bound print volume and inelectronic format on a CD-ROM, in two editions: one using inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the InternationalSystem of Units (SI).Corrections t

22、o the 2003, 2004, and 2005 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org and inthe Additions and Corrections section of this volume. Correctionsfor this volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE Web site.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. T

23、o suggest im-provements for a chapter, please comment using the form on theASHRAE Web site or, using the cutout comment pages at the endof this volumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditorCopyright 2006, ASHRAE