ASHRAE TRAN 2009-2-2009 2009 ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS VOLUME 115 PART 2《2009年《ASHRAE学报》 第115卷 第2部分》.pdf

1、 CONTENTSHost ChapterxiiConferences and Expositions Committee and Transactions Staff.xiiState of the Society, William A. Harrison, 20082009 ASHRAE President . xiiiInaugural Address, Gordon Holness, 20092010 ASHRAE PresidentxvTechnical Program. xixTRANSACTIONS PAPERSLO-09-001 Determining Off-Normal S

2、olar Optical Properties of Drapery Fabrics Nathan Kotey, John L. Wright, and Michael Collins 3LO-09-002 Solar Gain through Windows with Shading Devices: Simulation Versus Measurement (RP-1311)Nathan A. Kotey, John L. Wright, Charles S. Barnaby, and Michael R. Collins 18LO-09-003 Improving Load Calcu

3、lations for Fenestration with Shading Devices (RP-1311)Charles S. Barnaby, John L. Wright, and Michael R. Collins 31LO-09-004 Simulation Model for Ground Loop Heat ExchangersC. Yavuzturk, A.D. Chiasson, and J.E. Nydahl . 45LO-09-005 A Design Tool for Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump Systems in Heating-Do

4、minated BuildingsA.D. Chiasson and C. Yavuzturk. 60LO-09-006 A Design Tool for Hybrid Geothermal Heat Pump Systems in Cooling-Dominated Buildings A.D. Chiasson and C. Yavuzturk. 74LO-09-007 IEA-ECBCS Annex 41 Whole Building Heat, Air, and Moisture ResponseHugo S.L.C. Hens . 88LO-09-008 From EMPD to

5、CFDOverview of Different Approaches for Heat Air and Moisture Modeling in IEA Annex 41 Monika Woloszyn, Carsten Rode, Angela Sasic Kalagasidis, Arnold Janssens, and Michel De Paepe 96LO-09-009 Reliability of Transient Heat and Moisture Modeling for Hygroscopic Buffering Staf Roels, Chris James, Prab

6、al Talukdar, and Carey J. Simonson. 111LO-09-010 Grease Particle Emission Characterization from Seven Commercial Kitchen Cooking Appliances and Representative Food Products (RP-1375)Thomas H. Kuehn, Bernard A. Olson, James W. Ramsey, and Joshua M. Rocklage 126 LO-09-011 Revised Heat Gain Rates from

7、Typical Commercial Cooking Appliances from RP-1362Rich Swierczyna, Paul Sobiski, and Don Fisher . 138LO-09-012 Capture and Containment Ventilation Rates for Commercial Kitchen Appliances Measured during RP-1362Paul Sobiski, Rich Swierczyna, and Don Fisher . 161LO-09-013 High Performance Computing wi

8、th High Efficiency Steve Greenberg, Amit Khanna, and William Tschudi 179LO-09-014 Introducing Using the Heat Wheel to Cool the Computer RoomRobert Sullivan, Marcel Van Dijk, and Mees Lodder. 187LO-09-015 Waterside Economizing in Data Centers: Design and Control ConsiderationsJeff Stein192LO-09-016 W

9、ithdrawn LO-09-017 Convergence of Telecommunications and Data CentersDavid V. Quirk201LO-09-018 Hurdles in Deploying Liquid Cooling in NEBS Environment Herman Chu 211LO-09-019 Comparisons of Numerical Predictions and Filed Tests in a Road TunnelAhmed H. Kashef.221LO-09-020 CFD Study of Smoke Movemen

10、t during the Early Stage of Tunnel Fires: Comparison with Field Tests Yoon J. Ko, George V. Hadjisophocleous, and Ahmed Kashef.232LO-09-021 Evaluation of a Novel Liquid-Flooded Ericsson Cycle Cooler for Vending Machine Applications Jason Hugenroth, James Braun, Eckhard Groll, and Galen King241LO-09-

11、022 Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Various Parameters on the Infiltration Rates of Single Band Open Vertical Refrigerated Display Cases with Zero Back Panel Flow Mazyar Amin, Dana Dabiri, and Homayun K. Navaz.255LO-09-023 Wind Effects on Smoke ControlRay Sinclair and Michael A. Ratcliff

12、.266LO-09-024 Pressurization of Floors to Improve Life Safety During a High-Rise Fire W.Z. Black .278LO-09-025 Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) for the Integrated Circuit Assembly and Testing (IC A/T) Industry in TaiwanA. Chang, S.-C. Hu, T. Xu, D. Y.-L. Chan, and R. T.-C. Hsu.290LO-09-026 Humidifi

13、cation of Large-Scale Cleanrooms by Adiabatic Humidification Method in Subtropical Areas: An Industrial Case StudyJacky Chen, Shih-Cheng Hu, Liang-Han Chien, James J.M. Tsao, and Tee Lin 299LO-09-027 NOTE: This paper is located between LO-09-073 and LO-09-76.LO-09-028 Comparison of Airflow and Conta

14、minant Distributions in Rooms with Traditional Displacement Ventilation and Under-Floor Air Distribution SystemsKisup Lee, Tengfei Zhang, Zheng Jiang, and Qingyan Chen306LO-09-029 Air Distribution Effectiveness with Stratified Air Distribution Systems (RP-1373)Kisup Lee, Zheng Jiang, and Qingyan Che

15、n.322LO-09-030 In-Situ Performance of Stratified Air Distribution Systems in Two Canadian BuildingsMarianne Brub Dufour, Dominique Derome, Boualem Ouazia, Michel Tardif, Radu Zmeureanu, Andr Potvin, and Silvestre Clis-Mercier .334LO-09-031 Discussion of Design Method and Optimization on Airflow Dist

16、ribution in a Large-Space Building with Stratified Air-Conditioning SystemC. Huang and X. Wang345LO-09-032 Contaminant Transport and Filtration Issues with DOASStanley A. Mumma 350LO-09-033 Role of Safety Factors in the Design of Dedicated Outdoor-Air Systems John Murphy . 358LO-09-34 Building Heat

17、Load Contributions from Medium and Low Voltage SwitchgearPart I: Solid Rectangular Bus Bar Heat Losses (RP-1395)Warren N. White and Emilio C. Piesciorovsky 369LO-09-35 Building Heat Load Contributions from Medium and Low Voltage SwitchgearPart II: Component and Overall Switchgear Heat Gains (RP-1395

18、)Emilio C. Piesciorovsky and Warren N. White 382LO-09-36 Performance Evaluation of Ceiling Mounted Personalized Ventilation System Bin Yang, Arsen Melikov, and Chandra Sekhar 395LO-09-37 Modeling of the Human Body to Study the Personal Micro Environment Ryan K. Dygert, Jackie S. Russo, Thong Q. Dang

19、, and H. Ezzat Khalifa. 407LO-09-38 Improved Performance of Personalized Ventilation by Control of the Convection Flow around Occupant Body Zhecho D. Bolashikov, Arsen Melikov, and Miroslav Krenek 421LO-09-39 Test Apparatus and Procedure to Measure Inlet Installation Effects of Propeller Fans (RP-12

20、23)M.N. Young, C. Darvennes, and S. Idem 432LO-09-40 Aerodynamic Performance and System Effects of Propeller Fans (RP-1223)M.N. Young, C. Darvennes, and S. Idem 442LO-09-41 Acoustic System Effects of Propeller Fans Due to Inlet Installations (RP-1223)C. Darvennes, M.N. Young, and S. Idem 443LO-09-42

21、 A Closer Look at CO2as a RefrigerantNorbert Mller and Jijo Oommen Joseph 456LO-09-43 A Comparative Study of the Effect of Initial Turbulence on the Performance of an Open Vertical Refrigerated Multi-DeckA Numerical Study and its Experimental Validation Y.F. Chen, H.W. Lin, W.D. Hsieh, J.Y. Lin, and

22、 C.C. Wang . 463LO-09-44 An Experimental Evaluation of HVAC-Grade Carbon Dioxide SensorsPart I: Test and Evaluation Procedure Som S. Shrestha and Gregory M. Maxwell . 471LO-09-45 Biological and Metal Contaminants in HVAC Filter DustFederico Noris, Jeffrey A. Siegel, and Kerry A. Kinney. 484LO-09-46

23、CCLEP Reduces Energy Consumption by More than 50% for a Luxury Shopping MallL. Wu, M. Liu, X. Pang, G. Wang, J. Wang, and T.G. Lewis. 492LO-09-47 Chemical Off-Gassing from Indoor Swimming Pools (RP-1083)Richard C. Cavestri and Donna Seeger-Clevenger 502LO-09-48 Cold Weather Destratification Energy S

24、avings of a Warehousing Facility Mark Armstrong, Bill Chihata, and Ron MacDonald 513LO-09-49 Comfort, Energy Consumption, and Economics of a School with Energy RecoveryMelanie Fauchoux, Carey Simonson, and David Torvi519LO-09-50 Common Data Definitions for HVAC a repeatability characteristic of less

25、 than 0.025 nm for UV-VIS and less than 0.1 nm for NIR. In oper-ation, two detectors, a Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) and a lead-sulphide (PbS) photoconductive sensor, are illuminated alter-nately by the sample and the reference beam. The PMT is used in the wavelength range of and the PbS detector resp

26、onds in the wavelength range. There are a several accessories that can be attached to the spec-trophotometer. For the purpose of the current investigation the spectrophotometer was operated, in most cases, with the inte-grating sphere attachment. Integrating SphereIntegrating spheres are designed to

27、 measure, and distin-guish between, beam and scattered components of transmitted and reflected radiation. Light enters the sphere through a port and reflection from the interior surface must be purely diffuse. Light inside the sphere becomes uniformly distributed over the entire inner surface, elimi

28、nating any directional or spatial non-uniformity of the incoming radiation, and detectors measure this integrated signal. The detector signal is propor-tional to the rate at which radiant energy enters at the inlet port and the ratio between the two is called the “response of the sphere”. The surfac

29、e of the sphere must be very highly reflec-tive to maximize the response of the sphere and produce a signal that can be accurately detected. Theory and operating principles can be found in many references (e.g., Edwards et al. 1961, Lovell 1984). A 110 mm (4.33 in.) diameter sphere with a polytetraf

30、lu-oroethylene (PTFE) coating was used in this study. The detec-tors are mounted at the top and are shielded by baffles so that they view only the bottom wall of the sphere. The operational range of the detectors is but the spectral reflectance characteristic of the PTFE restricts useful measurement

31、s to the range of . Nonetheless, this more limited wavelength range includes almost 98% of the solar spectrum. This particular apparatus was designed for making measurements with incident radiation normal to the surface of the test sample. Transmittance can be measured by mounting a sample at the tr

32、ansmission port. See Figure 2. Reference measurements of the zero and full transmission extremes are made for cali-bration. The latter, called the 100% baseline, is obtained with the sample removed while a fixture is inserted at the reflection port to complete the sphere. The 0% baseline is measured

33、 with the transmission port blocked. The beam-diffuse transmit-tance is measured with the sample in place and the reflection port open, allowing the transmitted beam component to escape while trapping the scattered radiation, as shown in Figure 2a. The beam-total (beam-beam plus beam-diffuse) transm

34、ittance is measured with the reflection port covered. See Figure 2b. The beam-beam transmittance is the difference between the two readings. To measure reflectance radiation is allowed to enter the sphere through the open transmission port and samples are placed at the reflection port. See Figure 3.

35、 The full-scale base-line is obtained by covering the reflection port with a sample of known reflectance. This reference sample reflects incident radiation diffusely into the sphere. The 0% baseline is measured with the reflection port open, allowing the beam to escape. The test sample is then mount

36、ed at the reflection port and radiation reflected from the sample is collected by the sphere. The reflection port has a movable positioning cap. To measure the beam-diffuse component the cap is mounted as shown in Figure 3a, allowing the incident beam to strike the sample at = 0 and causing the beam

37、-beam reflection compo-0.17 0.8m0.8 3.3m0.17 3.3m0.25 2.5mFigure 2 a) Beam-diffuse transmittance measurement; b) Beam-total transmittance measurement.ASHRAE Transactions 7nent to exit through the transmission port. When the cap is mounted as shown in Figure 3b, , both components remain in the sphere

38、 and the detectors measure beam-total reflectance. Again, the beam-beam reflectance is simply the difference between the two readings. Fixed Sample HoldersSample holders were designed and fabricated to adapt the integrating sphere for measurement of transmittance and reflec-tance at off-normal incid

39、ence. The sample holders were made from aluminium tubes with one end truncated at an angle, , with ranging from 0 to 60in 15steps. Adapters were also built to mount sample holders at the reflection or transmission port. Figure 4 shows a set of sample holders and the two adapters. Each sample holder

40、is 40 mm (1.57 in.) long with internal and external diameters of 13.75 and 15.75 mm. (0.54 and 0.62 in.). At the transmission port, the incident beam is rectangular in cross-section with dimensions of 13.44 mm x 11.04 mm. (0.53 in. x 0.43 in.). Thus, the diagonal of the beam cross-section is 17.39 m

41、m (0.68 in.) which is greater than the internal diameter of the holder. To ensure that the incident beam would pass through the holder without interference a beam reducer was glued to the outer face of the transmission port adapter. The beam reducer is simply a thin plate with a 12.80 mm (0.50 in.)

42、diameter hole. When installed, a fixed sample holder projects into the inte-grating sphere. Its exterior surface was highly polished to reflect radiation and to avoid degrading the response of the sphere. Figure 3 a) Beam-diffuse reflectance measurement; b) Beam-total reflectance measurement. 3Figur

43、e 4 A set of fixed sample holders, transmission and reflection adapters.8 ASHRAE TransactionsThe interior surface of each sample holder was painted black to absorb radiation scattered in reflection during a transmittance measurement or scattered in transmission during a reflectance measurement. A se

44、t of reflectance references was also fabricated. They were made by filling the angled end of sample holders with barium sulphate paste. The paste was pressed against a smooth surface and left to dry. This formed a surface of known reflectance mounted with the same geometry used for fabric measuremen

45、ts. Therefore, it was assumed that the response of the sphere was held constant between calibration and measurement. The corresponding transmission refer-ence is simply an open tube. Again, by calibrating with an open sample holder in place it was assumed that the response of the sphere was held con

46、stant between calibration and measurement. Rotatable Sample HolderTransmission measurements were also made without the integrating sphere. A rotatable sample holder made from a piece of aluminium plate and a graduated dial enabled beam-beam transmittance measurements over a wide range of incidence a

47、ngle. The aluminium plate had an aperture where the fabric sample could be mounted. The incident beam was simply aligned with the detector such that scattered radiation was excluded. Fabric SamplesA wide variety of drapery fabrics were obtained with the primary aim of selecting individual samples th

48、at fit into each designation described by Keyes (1967). Samples were found for all designations except IIID. A sheer fabric was added to the set. Sheer fabrics do not fall into any of the customary designations. The thickness of fabric samples ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 mm. (0.004 to 0.04 in.). Measurem

49、ents at normal incidence were made and specular reflection was not detected in any fabric sample. Photographs of the fabric samples are shown in Figure 5 and more specific details regarding the samples are listed in Table 1.Transmittance MeasurementWith the reflection port closed a transmittance reference, a fixed sample holder without any sample attached, was Figure 5 Photograph of fabric test samples (refer to Table 1).ASHRAE Transactions 9mounted at the transmiss