ASME PTC 11-2008 Fans《风扇》.pdf

1、FansAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME PTC 11-2008Performance Test Codes(Revision of ASME PTC 11-1984)FansASME PTC 11-2008(Revision of ASME PTC 11-1984)A N AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDPerformance Test Codes Date of Issuance: December 8, 2008 This Code will be revised when the Society approves the issua

2、nce of a new edition. There will be no addenda issued to PTC 11-2008. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this document. Periodically certain actions of the ASME PTC Committee may be published as Code Cases. Code Cases and interpretations are p

3、ublished on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http:/cstools.asme.org as they are issued. ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standa

4、rds. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for addit

5、ional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection wi

6、th any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such

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8、ty for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without t

9、he prior written permission of the publisher. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990 Copyright 2008 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. iii CONTENTS Notice. vi Foreword . vii Committee Roster . ix Corr

10、espondence With the PTC 11 Committee xi 1 Object and Scope . 1 1-1 Object 1 1-2 Scope. 1 1-3 Applicability 2 1-4 Uncertainty 2 2 Definitions of Terms, Symbols, and Their Descriptions . 3 2-1 Symbols 3 2-2 Definitions. 8 3 Guiding Principles . 15 3-1 Introduction. 15 3-2 Prior Agreements. 15 3-3 Code

11、 Philosophy 15 3-4 System Design Considerations. 18 3-5 Internal Inspection and Measurement of Cross Section. 18 3-6 Test Personnel . 19 3-7 Point of Operation . 19 3-8 Method of Operation During Test 19 3-9 Inspection, Alterations, and Adjustments . 19 3-10 Inconsistencies. 20 3-11 Multiple Inlets

12、or Ducts . 20 3-12 Preliminary Test 20 3-13 Reference Measurements . 20 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 22 4-1 General Considerations 22 4-2 Traverse Specifications 22 4-3 Barometric Pressure. 29 4-4 Temperature 30 4-5 Moisture 30 4-6 Gas Composition . 31 4-7 Pressure Sensing 31 4-8 Pressur

13、e Indicating 40 4-9 Yaw and Pitch . 41 4-10 Rotational Speed 44 4-11 Input Power . 44 5 Computation of Results . 47 5-1 General Considerations 47 5-2 Correction of Traverse Data. 47 5-3 Gas Composition . 49 5-4 Density 52 iv 5-5 Fluid Velocity 52 5-6 Mass Flow Rate53 5-7 Flow-Weighted Averages .54 5

14、-8 Fan Input Power .55 5-9 Fan Speed (Slip Method)55 5-10 Mass Flow Rate: Specific Energy Approach .55 5-11 Volume Flow Rate: Pressure Approach 57 5-12 Inlet Flow Distortion 59 5-13 Uncertainties 62 6 Report of Results 68 6-1 General Requirements 68 6-2 Executive Summary .68 6-3 Introduction68 6-4 C

15、alculations and Results.68 6-5 Instrumentation 69 6-6 Conclusions69 6-7 Appendices 69 7 Uncertainty Analysis 70 7-1 Introduction70 7-2 Uncertainty Propagation Equations.70 7-3 Assigning Values to Primary Uncertainties.71 7-4 Fan Mass Flow and Uncertainty for Multiple Traverse Planes.74 Figures 2-2.4

16、-1 Typical Input and Outlet Boundaries 10 2-2.4-2 Typical Input Power Boundaries 11 4-2.2-1 Fan Room Pressure.24 4-2.4-1 Sampling Point Details (Rectangular Duct).25 4-2.4-2 Sampling Point Details (Circular Duct).26 4-2.4-3 Number of Traverse Points 27 4-2.5-1 Probe Orientation: Centrifugal Fans28 4

17、-2.5-2 Probe Orientation: Axial Fans.29 4-7-1 Fechheimer Probe.32 4-7-2 Five-Hole Probe .33 4-7-3 Yaw and Pitch Planes .34 4-7-4 Yaw and Pitch Convention .34 4-7.1-1 Five-Hole Probe Photos .35 4-7.1-2 Prism Probe Cut-Away.36 4-7.3-1 Free Stream Nozzle Jet.37 4-7.3-2 Wind Tunnel .37 4-7.3-3 Free Stre

18、am .38 4-9.3-1 Pitch Angle, , Versus Pitch Coefficient, C.42 4-9.3-2 Velocity Pressure Coefficient, Kv, Versus Pitch Pressure Coefficient, C43 4-9.3-3 Total Pressure Coefficient, Kt, Versus Pitch Pressure Coefficient, C43 5-12.7-1 Traverse Point Geometry61 v Tables 4-11.5-1 Summary of Instrumentatio

19、n Requirements 46 7-3.2.2-1 Typical Values for Primary Systematic Uncertainty . 73 Mandatory Appendix. 75 I Reduced Load Fan Input Power Determination 75 Nonmandatory Appendices . 77 A Data Sheets 77 B Sample Calculations 82 C Method of Approaching a Specified Point of Operation 124 D Derivations of

20、 Uncertainties Equations . 128 E References and Further Reading. 163 vi NOTICE All Performance Test Codes must adhere to the requirements of ASME PTC 1, General Instructions. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of

21、the Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Sections 1 and 3 of ASME PTC 1 and has read them prior to applying this Code. ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and p

22、ractice currently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests and specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment-operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis. When tests are run in accordance with a code, the test results themse

23、lves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results with contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test a

24、gree before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results with the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made. vii FOREWORD PTC 11-1946, entitled Test C

25、ode for Fans, was published by the Society in 1946. As noted in its Foreword, the personnel of the committee that developed the Code consisted of members of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, the National Association of Fan Manufacturers, and the American Society of Mechanica

26、l Engineers. The Code, as written, was a laboratory test standard in that it provided instructions for arrangement of test equipment, such as ducts, plenum chamber, and flow straighteners, as well as instruments. It even stated that the test could be conducted in the manufacturers shops, the custome

27、rs premises, or elsewhere. Most ASME Power Test Codes (later called Performance Test Codes) provided instructions for testing equipment after it was installed. Since PTC 11-1946 was a laboratory standard, it was allowed to go out of print with the expectation that a revised code would be written tha

28、t would provide directions for site testing of fans. In July of 1961, a new PTC 11 Committee was formed. Several drafts were prepared, but all of them essentially provided laboratory directions. This Committee still considered field or site testing to be impractical unless laboratory conditions coul

29、d be duplicated. The PTC 11 Committee was reorganized in 1971. It initially attempted to resolve the difficulties of site testing by resorting to model testing. This was not acceptable to the Society. Ultimately, procedures were developed that could be used in the field without the need to modify th

30、e installation so as to condition the flow for measurement. The Committee performed tests to determine the acceptability of these procedures. These tests included full-scale field tests of two large mechanical-draft fans, as well as various laboratory tests of various probes for measuring flow angle

31、s and pressures. Subsequent tests 3 performed independently of the Committee have demonstrated the practicability of this Code with regard to both manpower and equipment in a large power-plant situation. The Committee also monitored the progress of an International Committee that was writing test co

32、des for fans. While this Committee, ISO 117, had not completed its work, it was obvious that several things they were doing should be incorporated in PTC 11. The major item contributed by ISO 117 is the concept of specific energy (also called work per unit mass), which, when combined with mass flow

33、rate, provides an approach to fan performance that can be used instead of the volume flow rate/pressure approach. ISO also recognizes the distributionality of velocity across the measuring plane, and PTC 11 incorporates provisions to account for this. This resulted in the second edition, published i

34、n 1984. Work on the current revision began on January 17, 2002. The goal for this effort was to revise and update several sections to make the Code more universally accepted and user friendly. For example, additional points of agreement between parties to the test were developed. The number and geom

35、etry of the traverse grid elements were changed to allow greater variation in the aspect parameter. A statistical procedure was developed to guide the user in selection of traverse planes for defining fan flow. Greater emphasis was placed on the use of five-hole (three-dimensional) probes to complet

36、ely characterize flow at the traverse plane(s). Guidance was included for establishing fan operation at test conditions so that it would be near specified conditions after all corrections have been applied. A procedure was developed to correct fan power from test conditions to specified conditions.

37、Historically, fan performance was typically based on design, or test block, conditions that represent the fans ability to move a specific amount of gas at a specific system resistance. It is generally taken to be the fans maximum performance capability. More recently, however, there has been increas

38、ed emphasis in demonstrating fan performance at a power guarantee point usually corresponding to part load on a fan. This presents some unique testing challenges. viii There have also been significant advancements in electronic technology. Readily available portable computers are now able to support

39、 off-the-shelf data acquisition systems to monitor key parameters and provide real-time trends of operational steadiness during a test. This capability extends to traverse data as well, where key pressures are electronically monitored to determine the alignment of directionally sensitive probes with

40、 flow, to average all pressures, and to archive all information. Repeatability of results is greatly improved because mental averaging and manual data logging are eliminated. Finally, data reduction turnaround time is greatly shortened, which increases the productivity of test personnel when multipl

41、e test runs are required or where test time may be limited. While some installations may not meet ideal inlet and/or outlet conditions for flow distribution or geometry, the objective of this test code is to determine a fans installed performance without listing any criteria for disqualification of

42、this test procedure. The subcommittee has made every effort to include test and data reduction methods that will lead to results that will be acceptable to all parties to the test. This Code was approved by the Council as a Standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Standardization a

43、nd Testing on April 7, 2008. It was also approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on July 15, 2008. ix ASME PTC COMMITTEE PERFORMANCE TEST CODES (The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Code.) STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERS M.

44、 P. McHale, Chair J. R. Friedman, Vice Chair J. H. Karian, Secretary STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNEL P.G. Albert, General Electric Co. R. P. Allen, Consultant J. M. Burns, Burns Engineering W. C. Campbell, Southern Company Services M. J. Dooley, Alstom Power A. J. Egli, Alstom Power J. R. Friedman, Si

45、emens Power Generation, Inc. G. J. Gerber, Consultant P. M. Gerhart, University of Evansville T. C. Heil, The Babcock however, they should not contain proprietary names or information. Requests that are not in this format will be rewritten in this format by the Committee prior to being answered, whi

46、ch may inadvertently change the intent of the original request. ASME procedures provide for reconsideration of any interpretation when or if additional information that might affect an interpretation is available. Further, persons aggrieved by an interpretation may appeal to the cognizant ASME Commi

47、ttee. ASME does not “approve,” “certify,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. Attending Committee Meetings. The PTC 11 Standards Committee holds meetings or telephone conferences, which are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting or telepho

48、ne conference should contact the Secretary of the PTC 11 Standards Committee or check our Web site at http:/cstools.asme.org. xii INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ASME PTC 11-2008 1 FANS Section 1 Object and Scope 1-1 OBJECT This Code provides standard procedures for conducting and reporting tests on fans,

49、including those of the centrifugal, axial, and mixed flow types. 1-1.1 Objectives The objectives of this Code are to provide: (a) the rules for testing fans to determine performance under actual operating conditions (b) additional rules for converting measured performance to that which would prevail under specified operating conditions (c) methods for comparing measured or converted performance with specified performance 1-1.2 Principal Quantities The principal quantities that can be determined are (a) fan mass flow rate or, alternatively, fan volume flow rate (b) fan specific e