ASME PTC 4-2013 Fired Steam Generators《燃烧式蒸汽发生器》.pdf

1、Fired Steam GeneratorsAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDASME PTC 4-2013(Revision of ASME PTC 4-2008)Performance Test CodesASME PTC 4-2013(Revision of ASME PTC 4-2008)Fired Steam GeneratorsPerformance Test CodesAN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDTwo Park AvYork, ADate of Issuance: February 7, 2014This Code will

2、 be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Code. Interpretations are published on the Committee Web page and under go.asme.org/InterpsDatabase. Periodically certain actions of t

3、he ASME PTC Committee may be published as Code Cases. Code Cases are published on the ASME Web site under the PTC Committee Page at go.asme.org/PTCcommittee as they are issued.Errata to codes and standards may be posted on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages to provide correc-tions to incorr

4、ectly published items, or to correct typographical or grammatical errors in codes and standards. Such errata shall be used on the date posted.The PTC Committee Page can be found at go.asme.org/PTCcommittee. There is an option available to automatically receive an e-mail notification when errata are

5、posted to a particular code or standard. This option can be found on the appropriate Committee Page after selecting “Errata” in the “Publication Information” section.ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.This code or standard was developed under procedures

6、accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for p

7、ublic review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity.ASME does not take any position with respect t

8、o the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expr

9、essly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry end

10、orsement of this code or standard.ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

11、in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.The American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990Copyright 2014 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERSAll rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.iiiCONTENTSNotice

12、viForeword viiCommittee Roster ixCorrespondence With the PTC Committee . xSection 1 Object and Scope 11-1 Object . 11-2 Scope 11-3 Typical Uncertainty for Efficiency . 21-4 Steam Generator Boundaries . 3Section 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 122-1 Definitions 122-2 Abbreviations . 152-3 Unit

13、s and Conversions 15Section 3 Guiding Principles . 173-1 Introduction 173-2 Performance Test Procedures . 203-3 References to Other Codes and Standards . 273-4 Tolerances and Test Uncertainties . 28Section 4 Instruments and Methods of Measurement 294-1 Guiding Principles . 294-2 Data Required 294-3

14、General Measurement Requirements . 324-4 Temperature Measurement 494-5 Pressure Measurement 534-6 Velocity Traverse 544-7 Flow Measurement 544-8 Solid Fuel and Sorbent Sampling 574-9 Liquid and Gaseous Fuel Sampling 624-10 Sampling of Flue Gas 624-11 Residue Sampling 634-12 Fuel, Sorbent, and Residu

15、e Analysis . 644-13 Flue Gas Analysis 644-14 Electric Power . 654-15 Humidity 664-16 Measurements for Surface Radiation and Convection Loss 66Section 5 Computation of Results . 685-1 Introduction 685-2 Measurement Data Reduction . 685-3 Capacity 715-4 Output (QrO), Btu/hr (W) . 715-5 Input 725-6 Ene

16、rgy Balance . 725-7 Efficiency . 735-8 Fuel Properties . 745-9 Sorbent and Other Additive Properties 765-10 Residue Properties . 785-11 Combustion Air Properties 805-12 Flue Gas Products 84iv5-13 Air and Flue Gas Temperature 865-14 Losses 885-15 Credits . 955-16 Uncertainty . 965-17 Other Operating

17、Parameters 995-18 Corrections to Standard or Design Conditions . 1005-19 Enthalpy of Air, Flue Gas, and Other Substances Commonly Required for Energy Balance Calculations 1115-20 Calculation Acronyms . 122Section 6 Report of Test Results . 1326-1 Introduction 1326-2 Report Contents . 132Section 7 Un

18、certainty Analysis . 1347-1 Introduction 1347-2 Fundamental Concepts . 1347-3 Pretest Uncertainty Analysis and Test Planning . 1407-4 Equations and Procedures for Determining the Standard Deviation for the Estimate of Random Error . 1417-5 Equations and Guidance for Determining Systematic Uncertaint

19、y . 1457-6 Uncertainty of Test Results 150Figures1-4-1 Typical Oil- and Gas-Fired Steam Generator . 51-4-2 Typical Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 1: Single Air Heater . 61-4-3 Typical Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 2: Bisector Air Heater 71-4-4 Typical Pulveri

20、zed-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Alternative 3: Trisector Air Heater . 81-4-5 Typical Circulation Bed Steam Generator 91-4-6 Typical Stoker-Coal-Fired Steam Generator 101-4-7 Typical Bubbling Bed Steam Generator 113-1.1-1 Steam Generator Energy Balance 183-2.2.1-1 Repeatability of Runs 213-2.6.1-1 Il

21、lustration of Short-Term (Peak to Valley) Fluctuation and Deviation From Long-Term (Run) Average . 254-4.3.1-1 Sampling Grids: Rectangular Ducts 514-4.3.1-2 Sampling Grids: Circular Ducts 524-8.2.1-1 Full Stream Cut Solid Sampling Process 584-8.2.1-2 Typical “Thief” Probe for Solids Sampling in a So

22、lids Stream . 595-19.12-1 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Air Versus Temperature 1175-19.12-2 Mean Specific Heat of Water Vapor Versus Temperature 1185-19.12-3 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Flue Gas Versus Temperature . 1205-19.12-4 Mean Specific Heat of Dry Residue Versus Temperature 1217-2.2-1 Types of Erro

23、rs in Measurements 1367-2.2-2 Time Dependence of Errors 1367-2.3-1 Constant Value and Continuous Variable Models 1387-5.2.1-1 Generic Calibration Curve . 147Tables1-3-1 Typical Code Test Uncertainties for Efficiency . 32-3-1 Units and Conversions . 163-1.3-1 Comparison of Efficiency Determination .

24、203-2.3-1 Operating Parameter Deviations . 233-2.6.2-1 Minimum Test-Run Duration . 264-2-1(a) Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Energy Balance Method: Energy Losses . 304-2-1(b) Parameters Required for Efficiency Determination by Energy Balance Method: Energy Credits . 334-2-2 Para

25、meters Required for Efficiency Determination by InputOutput Method . 344-2-3 Parameters Required for Capacity Determination . 354-2-4 Parameters Required for Steam Temperature/Control Range Determination 36v4-2-5 Parameters Required for Exit Flue Gas and Air Entering Temperature Determinations . 374

26、-2-6 Parameters Required for Excess Air Determination 384-2-7 Parameters Required for Water/Steam Pressure Drop Determinations . 394-2-8 Parameters Required for Air/Flue Gas Pressure Drop Determinations . 404-2-9 Parameters Required for Air Infiltration Determination . 414-2-10 Parameters Required f

27、or Sulfur Capture/Retention Determination . 424-2-11 Parameters Required for Calcium-to-Sulfur Molar Ratio Determination . 424-2-12 Parameters Required for Fuel, Air, and Flue Gas Flow Rate Determinations 434-3.6-1 Potential Instrumentation Systematic Uncertainty . 454-3.6-2 Potential Systematic Unc

28、ertainty for Coal Properties 474-3.6-3 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Limestone Properties 474-3.6-4 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Fuel Oil Properties . 484-3.6-5 Potential Systematic Uncertainty for Natural Gas Properties 484-8.4.2-1 F Distribution . 615-16.5-1 Two-Tailed Students t Ta

29、ble for the 95% Confidence Level . 995-20.2-1 Acronyms 1245-20.2-2 Measurement and Uncertainty Acronyms 131Nonmandatory AppendicesA Calculation Forms 151B Sample Calculations 185C Derivations 254D Gross Efficiency: Energy Balance and InputOutput Method; LHV Efficiency: Energy Balance Method 258E The

30、 Probable Effects of Coal and Sorbent Properties . 261F References . 272viNOTICEAll Performance Test Codes must adhere to the requirements of ASME PTC 1, General Instructions. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of

31、 the Code. It is expected that the Code user is fully cognizant of Sections 1 and 3 of ASME PTC 1 and has read them prior to applying this Code.ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures that yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and p

32、ractice currently available. They were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests and specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment-operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis.When tests are run in accordance with a Code, the test results themsel

33、ves, without adjustment for uncertainty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipment. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test agre

34、e before starting the test and preferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any Code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made.viiFOREWORDThe Test Code for Stationary Steam G

35、enerating Units was one of the group of 10 forming the 1915 Edition of the ASME Power Test codes. A revision of these codes was begun in 1918, and the Test Code for Stationary Steam Generating Units was reissued in revised form in October 1926. Further revisions were issued in February 1930 and Janu

36、ary 1936.In October 1936 the standing Power Test Code Committee requested Committee No. 4 to consider a revision of the Code to provide for heat balance tests on large steam generating units. In rewriting the Code, advantage was taken of the experience of the several companies in the utility field t

37、hat had developed test methods for large modern units including the necessary auxiliary equipment directly involved in the operation of the units. At the same time the needs of the small installations were not overlooked. At the November 3, 1945, meeting of the standing Power Test Codes Committee, t

38、his revision was approved. On May 23, 1946, the Code was approved and adopted by the Council.In view of the continuously increasing size and complexity of steam generating units, it was obvious that changes were required in the 1946 Edition of the Test Code. In May 1958 the technical committee was r

39、eorganized to prepare this revision. The completely revised Code, the Test Code for Steam Generating Units, was approved by the Power Test Codes Committee on March 20, 1964. It was further approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Codes and S

40、tandards on June 24, 1964.The Board on Performance Test Codes (BPTC) in 1980 directed that the Code be reviewed to determine whether it should be revised to reflect current engineering practices. A committee was soon formed, and it had its first meeting in May 1981. The Committee soon recognized tha

41、t the Code should be totally rewritten to reflect several changes in steam generator technology (primarily the increasing usage of fluidized bed combustors and other technologies for emission control) and in performance testing technology (primarily the widespread use of electronic instrumentation a

42、nd the consideration of test uncertainty analysis as a tool for designing and measuring the quality of a performance test). The Committee decided that the new code should discourage the use of an abbreviated test procedure (commonly known as “The Short Form” from PTC 4.1). The PTC 4 Code supersedes

43、PTC 4.1, which is no longer an American National Standard or ASME Code. (Technical Inquiry #04-05 describes the differences between the PTC 4 and the invalid PTC 4.1.) The Committee reasoned that the best test is that which requires the parties to the test to deliberate on the scope of the performan

44、ce test required to meet the objective(s) of the test. Measurement uncertainty analysis was selected as the tool whereby the parties could design a test to meet these objectives. (See para. 3-2.1.) As this Code will be applied to a wide configuration of steam generators, from small industrial and co

45、mmercial units to large utility units, the soundness of this philosophy should be self-evident.This expanded edition of the Code was retitled Fired Steam Generators to emphasize its limitation to steam generators fired by combustible fuels. The Code was subjected to a thorough review by Industry, in

46、cluding members of the BPTC. Many of their comments were incorporated and the Committee finally approved the Code on June 23, 1998. It was then approved and adopted by the Council as a Standard practice of the Society by action of the Board on Performance Test Codes on August 3, 1998. It was also ap

47、proved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on November 2, 1998.Calculations associated with the application of this Code can be facilitated by the use of computer software. Software programs that support calculations for this Code may become available at a future d

48、ate on the ASME Web site. Any such software that may be furnished would not have been subject to the ASME consensus process and ASME would make no warranties, express or implied, including, without limitation, the accuracy or applicability of the program.A revision to the Code was published in 2008.

49、 The main purpose of this revision was to include a general update of the Code to bring it into compliance with the definitions and terminology used in the revised PTC 19.1, Test Uncertainty. The major issue in this regard was to change all references to “bias” and “precision” to “systematic” and “random,” respectively. Also, “precision index” was changed to “standard deviation.” In conformance with PTC 19.1, a value of 2 was stipulated for the “Students t” parameter, which sim