ASTM A1023 A1023M-2007 Standard Specification for Stranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes.pdf

1、Designation: A 1023/A 1023M 07Standard Specification forStranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 1023/A 1023M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y

2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the general requirements forthe more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Inc

3、ludedin this specification are wire ropes in various grades andconstructions from14 in. (6 mm) to 238 in. (60 mm) manufac-tured from uncoated or metallic coated wire. Also included arecord products from132 in. (0.8 mm) to38 in. (10 mm)manufactured from metallic coated wire. For specific applica-tion

4、s, additional or alternative requirements may apply.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are tobe regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used in

5、de-pendently of the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with the specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 931 Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes andStrandA 1007 Specification for Carbon Steel Wire for Wire Rope2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2

6、232 Round Drawn Wire for General-Purpose Non-alloy Steel Wire RopesISO 3108 Steel Wire Ropes for General PurposesDetermination of Actual Breaking3. TerminologyDescription of Terms Specific to this Specification3.1 inserts, nfiber or solid polymer so positioned as toseparate adjacent strands or wires

7、 in the same or overlyinglayers or to fill interstices of the rope.3.2 Lubrication:3.2.1 impregnating compound, nmaterial used in themanufacture of natural fiber cores, covers, or inserts for thepurpose of providing protection against rotting and decay ofthe fiber material.3.2.2 preservation compoun

8、d, nmaterial, usually contain-ing some form of blocking agent, applied during, after, or bothduring and after manufacture of the rope to fiber inserts, fillers,and coverings for the purpose of providing protection againstcorrosion.3.2.3 rope lubricant, ngeneral term used to signify mate-rial applied

9、 during the manufacture of a strand, core, or ropefor the purpose of reducing internal friction, providing protec-tion against corrosion, or both.3.3 rope cores, ncentral element, usually of fiber or steel(but may be a combination of both), of a round rope aroundwhich are laid helically the strands

10、of a stranded rope or theunit ropes of a cable-laid rope (Fig. 1).3.3.1 fiber core (FC), nan element made from eithernatural or synthetic fibers.3.3.2 solid polymer core, na single element of solidpolymer material that is either cylindrical or shaped (grooved).It may also include an element or eleme

11、nts of wire or fiber.3.3.3 steel core, na stranded rope (IWRC), or a roundstrand (WSC) construction. The round strand or the strandedrope core or its outer strands, or both, may also be covered orfilled with either fiber or solid polymer. Steel cores arenormally made as a separate independent elemen

12、t, the excep-tion being rope with a stranded rope core closed parallel withthe outer strands.3.4 strand, nan element of rope normally consisting of anassembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laidhelically in one or more layers around a center. The center mayconsist of one round or shape

13、d wire, of several round wiresforming a built-up center, or of fiber or some other material. Ifmultiple wires are used in a strand center, they may be countedas one wire.3.4.1 Cross-Section Shape:3.4.1.1 compacted strand, na strand that has been sub-jected to a compacting process such as drawing, ro

14、lling, orswaging (Fig. 2).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published October 2007. Originallyapproved in

15、 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 asA 1023/A 1023M 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web

16、site.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Cons

17、hohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.4.1.2 round strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that is approximately the shape of a circle (Fig.3).3.4.1.3 triangular strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that is approximately the shape of a triangle(formerly referred to as fl

18、attened strand) (Fig. 4).(a) Style BSolid center wire(b) Style G332or332+3F center(c) Style H3 or 3+3F center(d) Style V137 center3.4.2 strand lay direction, nthe direction right (z) or left(s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires inrelation to the longitudinal axis of the strand

19、 (Fig. 5).3.4.3 Type and Constructions:3.4.3.1 multiple operation lay, nconstruction containingat least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laidin more than one operation, with different lay lengths. Thereare two basic types of multiple operation strand:(a) compound lay, nstrand that

20、contains a minimum ofthree layers of wires where a minimum of one layer is laid ina separate operation, but in the same direction, over a parallellay center.(b) cross-lay, nstrand in which the wires are laid in thesame direction. The wires of superimposed wire layers crossone another and make point

21、contact.3.4.3.2 parallel lay, nstrand that contains at least twolayers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in thesame direction). The lay length of all the wire layers is equal,and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel toeach other, resulting in linear contact. There ar

22、e four types ofparallel lay constructions:(a) combined, adjdescribes a parallel lay constructionhaving three or more layers laid in one operation and formedfrom a combination of the above, for example, Warrington-Seale construction (Fig. 6a).(b) filler (F), adjdescribes a construction having outerla

23、yer containing twice the number of wires than the inner layer,with filler wires laid in the interstices between the layers. Fillerwires are designated with the letter “F” (Fig. 6b).(c) Seale (S), adjdescribes a construction having samenumber of wires in each layer, for example, 9-9-1 (Fig. 6c).(d) W

24、arrington (W), adjdescribes a construction havingouter (Warrington) layer containing alternately large and smallwires and twice the number of wires as the inner layer.Warrington layers are designated by listing the number of largeand small wires with a + sign in between and bracketing()thelayer, for

25、 example, (6+6) (Fig. 6d).NOTE 1Strand construction is designated by listing the number ofwires, beginning with the outer wires, with each layer separated by ahyphen.3.4.3.3 single lay, nstrand that contains only one layer ofwires.3.5 stranded wire rope, nan assembly of strands laidhelically in one

26、or more layers around a core. Exceptions arestranded wire ropes consisting of three or four outer strandsthat may or may not be laid around a core. Elements ofstranded wire rope are shown in Fig. 7.3.6 Wires:3.6.1 finish and quality of coating, nthe condition of thesurface finish of the wire, that i

27、s, uncoated or metallic coated(zinc or zinc alloy).3.6.1.1 metallic coated wire, ncarbon steel wire that has ametallic coating.(a) drawn-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc coating applied prior to the final wire drawingoperation, that is, galvanized in process.(b) drawn-Zn5/Al-MM

28、wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied priorto the final wire drawing operation.(c) final-coated Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steelwire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating appliedafter the final wire drawing operation.(d) final-galvanized

29、 wire, ncoated carbon steel wire witha zinc coating applied after the final wire drawing operation,that is, galvanized at finished size.3.6.1.2 uncoated wire, ncarbon steel wire that does nothave a metallic coating. Commonly referred to as bright wire.3.6.2 Function:3.6.2.1 filler wires, ncomparativ

30、ely small wires used incertain constructions of parallel lay ropes to create the neces-sary number of interstices for supporting the next layer ofcovering wires.3.6.2.2 load-bearing wires (main wires), nthose wires in arope that are considered as contributing toward the breakingforce of the rope.3.6

31、.2.3 non-load-bearing wires, nthose wires in a ropethat are considered as not contributing toward the breakingforce of the rope.3.6.2.4 seizing (serving) wires or strands, nsingle wiresor strands used for making a close-wound helical serving toretain the elements of a rope in their assembled positio

32、n.3.6.3 layer of wires, nan assembly of wires having onepitch diameter. The exception is a Warrington layer comprisinglarge and small wires where the smaller wires are positioned ona larger pitch circle than the larger wires. The first layer ofwires is that which is laid over the strand center. Fill

33、er wires donot constitute a separate layer.3.6.4 Position:FIG. 1 Examples of CoresA 1023/A 1023M 0723.6.4.1 center wires, nwires positioned at the center of astrand of a stranded rope.3.6.4.2 core wires, nall wires comprising the core of astranded rope.3.6.4.3 inner wires, nall wires except center,

34、filler, core,and outer wires in a stranded rope.3.6.4.4 outer wires, nall wires in the outer layer of theouter strands of a stranded rope.Dimensional Characteristics3.7 Diameter of Rope:3.7.1 diameter of plastic-coated rope, nthe diameter thatcircumscribes the overall rope cross-section including th

35、ecover followed by the diameter, which circumscribes theunderlying rope (for example,34 358 in.).3.7.2 diameter of round rope, nthe diameter (d) thatcircumscribes the rope cross-section. Diameter is expressed ininches or millimeters (Fig. 8).3.8 Lay Length:3.8.1 rope lay length, nthat distance measu

36、red parallel tothe longitudinal rope axis in which the outer strands of astranded rope or the component ropes of a cable-laid rope makeone complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope (Fig. 9).3.8.2 strand lay length, nthat distance measured parallelto the longitudinal strand axis, in which t

37、he wire in the strandmakes one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the strand.The lay length of a strand is that corresponding to the outerlayers of wires (Fig. 9).Manufacture (Rope)3.9 Preformation:3.9.1 non-preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will, after removal

38、of any seizing (serving),spring out of the rope formation.3.9.2 preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will not, after removal of any seizing(serving), spring out of the rope formation.3.10 prestretching, nthe name given to a process thatresults in the removal of a limited a

39、mount of constructionalstretch.Mechanical Properties3.11 Rope:3.11.1 actual (measured) breaking force, nbreaking forceobtained using the prescribed test method in Test MethodA 931 or ISO 3108.3.11.2 calculated breaking force, nvalue of breakingforce obtained from the sum of the measured breaking for

40、ces ofthe wires in the rope, before rope making, multiplied by themeasured spinning loss factor as determined by the ropemanufacturers design.3.11.3 measured spinning loss factor, nratio between themeasured breaking force of the rope and the sum of themeasured breaking forces of the wires, before ro

41、pe making.FIG. 2 Compacted Round StrandBefore and AfterFIG. 3 Round StrandFIG. 4 Triangular StrandFIG. 5 Lay Direction of Strands for Stranded RopesA 1023/A 1023M 0733.11.4 minimum breaking force, nspecified value that theactual (measured) breaking force must meet or exceed in aprescribed test.3.12

42、Rope Stretch (Extension):3.12.1 constructional stretch (extension), namount of ex-tension that is attributed to the initial bedding down of wireswithin the strands and the strands within the rope due toloading. Initial extension cannot be determined by calculation.3.12.2 elastic stretch (extension),

43、 namount of recoverableextension that follows Hookes law within certain limits due toapplication of a load.3.12.3 permanent stretch (extension), nnon-elastic exten-sion.3.13 Wire:3.13.1 torsions, na measure of wire ductility normallyexpressed as the number of 360 revolutions that a wire canwithstand

44、 before breakage occurs, using a prescribed testmethod. Torsion requirements are based on the wire diameterand either the wire level, as specified in Specification A 1007,or the tensile strength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.3.13.2 wire tensile strength, nratio between the maximumforce obtained in

45、 a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectionalarea of the test piece. Requirements for wire tensile strengthare determined by either the wire level, as specified inSpecification A 1007, or by the tensile strength grade, asspecified in ISO 2232.3.13.2.1 tensile strength grade, na level of requiremen

46、tfor tensile strength based on the SI system of units. It isdesignated by a value according to the lower limit of tensilestrength and is used when specifying wire. Values are ex-pressed in N/mm2(for example, 1960).3.13.2.2 wire level, na level of requirement for tensilestrength based on the inch-pou

47、nd system of units (for example,Level 3).Terminology Relating to Ropes3.14 Rope Classification and Construction:3.14.1 rope classification, na grouping of ropes of similarcharacteristics on the basis of, for stranded ropes, the numberof strands and their shape, the number of strand layers, thenumber

48、 of wires in one strand, the number of outer wires in onestrand, and the number of wire layers in one strand. Forclassification details, refer to Table 2.3.14.2 rope construction, ndetail and arrangement of thevarious elements of the rope, taking into account the number ofstrands, and the number of

49、wires in the strand. For constructiondetails, refer to Tables 934.3.14.3 DiscussionRope construction is designated by list-ing the number of outer strands followed by the number ofAExample of Combined Parallel Lay ex. 31WS, 12-(6+6)-6-1BFiller Construction ex. 25F, 12-6F-6-1CSeale Construction ex. 19S, 9-9-1DWarrington Construction ex. 19W, (6+6)-6-1FIG. 6 Parallel Lay ConstructionsFIG. 7 Elements of Stranded Wire RopeFIG. 8 Diameter of Round RopeA 1023/A 1023M 074wires in each strand and the desig