1、Designation: A 34/A 34M 06Standard Practice forSampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 34/A 34M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test prac-tices for determination of various magnetic properties of bothsoft
3、and hard magnetic materials.1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, orindependent of, the standard test methods and materials speci-fications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. Inthe former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listedherein shall not supersede t
4、hose found in the individual testmethods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, thesampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictlyapply.1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emuand inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately asstandard. Within t
5、his standard, SI units are shown in bracketsexcept for the sections concerning calculations where there areseparate sections for the respective unit systems. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin-ing value
6、s from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
7、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagnetic Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to magnetic testing,reference shall be made to Terminology A
8、 340.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selectionand preparation of test specimens used in the determination ofmagnetic properties of various materials.4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base elec-trical steels is given and a table of assumed de
9、nsities formagnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is pro-vided.5. Test Lots5.1 Wrought, Flat-Rolled, or Long Products:5.1.1 Atest lot of wrought, flat-rolled, or long products shallconsist of not more than 50 000 lb 23 000 kg of material.5.1.2 A test lot may be composed of coils or cut
10、lengths. Atest lot of coil product may consist of one or more coils havingessentially the same treatment and composition.5.2 Amorphous Strip and Wire:5.2.1 A test lot shall consist of a continuously cast strip orwire in one coil without breaks. In practice this may representquantities up to 2200 lb
11、1000 kg.5.3 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:5.3.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from powder of the same composition,molded and sintered under the same conditions, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.5.4 Cast Parts:5.4.1 A test lot sh
12、all consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from the same casting heat, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.6. Sampling6.1 Electrical Steel Coils:6.1.1 From test lots in coil form, consisting of only onemaster coil, prepare the test strips from test sheets cut from
13、oneor both ends of the coil.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on MagneticProperties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1911. Last previous edition ap
14、proved in 2001 as A 34/A 34M 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International
15、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.2 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coilssheared or slit from a master coil, the test strips shall beprepared from test sheets representing one or both ends of themaster coil.6.1.3 When a test lo
16、t in coil form consists of several coilshaving essentially the same treatment and composition, teststrips shall be prepared from test sheets cut from one or bothends of enough master coils to be representative of the lot.6.2 Electrical Steel Cut Lengths:6.2.1 When cut lengths are sheared from coil m
17、aterialwithout subsequent treatments (such as roller leveling or coldrolling), the test on the original coil shall suffice.6.2.2 Two or more test sheets shall be taken from the samelot of cut length steel that has been cold rolled or leveled. Thesetest sheets shall not lie adjacent to each other, bu
18、t shall beselected in a manner to assure representative sampling.6.3 Wrought Products Other Than Electrical Steels:6.3.1 Sampling shall be one sample per each heat applied tothe order unless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTMspecification or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurch
19、aser.6.4 Amorphous Strip and Wire:6.4.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample from each end ofeach continuously cast coil unless otherwise specified in theappropriate ASTM specification or by mutual agreement be-tween the producer and purchaser.6.5 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:6.5.1 Sampling
20、 shall consist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.6.6 Cast Parts:6.6.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion
21、or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens used for the determination of prop-erties of magnetic materials will vary in form, depending uponthe test equipment and the dimensions of the material to betested. Prepare the test specimens in a manner
22、to adequatelyrepresent the areas being sampled. Standard forms include flatstrips, rings, bars, and links in accordance with the followingpractices.7.1.1 Flat Strips:7.1.1.1 Except when otherwise established by mutual agree-ment between the producer and the purchaser, the Epstein testspecimen shall
23、be the standard specimen for determination ofthe magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels.7.1.1.2 Standard Epstein test specimens shall be composedof test strips preferably cut from test sheets in a manner shownin Fig. 1 (a) or (b). One half of the strips are cut parallel to andthe other
24、 half cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.1.3 If the width of the material does not permit cuttingof strips perpendicular to the rolling direction, or, if thematerial has preferred properties in any one direction withrespect to the direction of rolling, or, if the material is to beused
25、 with the flux in any one direction, all of the strips may becut in a specified direction which shall be agreed upon by theproducer and the purchaser. All lengthwise strips may beselected as shown in Fig. 1 (c).7.1.1.4 When fewer than the total number of strips obtainedfrom the sampled area are need
26、ed for the test specimen, theexcess strips should be discarded equally from all locations inthe sampled area. For instance, if approximately14 of the totalstrips obtained is excess, every fourth strip should be dis-carded.7.1.1.5 The Epstein test specimen shall consist of stripssheared or punched in
27、 a width of 3.00 cm 30.0 mm and notless than 28.0 cm 280 mm long. If for ease of assembling thespecimen in the test frame, it is desired to use strips slightlylonger than 28.0 cm 280 mm, a length of 30.5 cm 305 mmis recommended.7.1.1.6 Test strips shall be nearly rectangular as possible andshall con
28、form to the specified dimensions within 60.08 cm0.8 mm.7.1.1.7 Test strips shall be cut with sharp shears or dies toavoid excessive burring or distortion.7.1.1.8 Reports of test shall state specifically the manner inwhich the test strips were cut if other than one half parallel andthe other half per
29、pendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.2 Rings:FIG. 1 Suggested Distribution of Strips To Be Cut from Sheets for Magnetic TestsA 34/A 34M 0627.1.2.1 Ring specimen may be punched, laser cut, spirallywound, forged, machined, sintered, or cast. The specimensshall be of uniform radial width and cros
30、s-sectional area. Theyshall be continuous, having no joints or welds except wherespecified or established by mutual agreement.7.1.2.2 The ratio of mean diameter to radial width shall notbe less than 10:1.7.1.2.3 Sharp dies or shears shall be used in the preparationof ring specimens of flat-rolled sh
31、eet material.7.1.2.4 If the radial width of punched rings is less than3.0 cm 30 mm, work-hardened portions shall be removedbefore testing by a heat treatment practice acceptable to boththe producer and the purchaser. Spirally wound cores must alsobe heat treated before testing.7.1.3 Bars:7.1.3.1 Bar
32、 or rod specimens may be rolled, forged, ma-chined, or cast. They shall be straight and of uniform crosssection and of sufficient size to meet the requirements of thetesting equipment used.7.1.4 Links:7.1.4.1 Link specimens have the shape of a ring, flattened toform semicircular ends and straight, p
33、arallel sides. The semi-circular parts of a link shall have a ratio of mean diameter toradial width not less than 10:1.8. Uniformity of Test Specimens8.1 The cross section of the test specimens shall be asuniform along the magnetic path length as commercial practicepermits.Any deviation from uniform
34、ity shall be as agreed uponbetween the producer and purchaser. Specimens shall beprepared and heat treated without warping. Cast specimensshall be machined or ground to a cross section uniform within1 % unless otherwise agreed upon between the producer andthe purchaser.9. Cross-Sectional Area of Tes
35、t Specimens9.1 Density MethodThe cross-sectional area shall be cal-culated from measurements of weight and length using adensity value in accordance with Section 10. This method shallbe used for the following specimen types:9.1.1 Epstein strips.9.1.2 Laminated stacks of rings or other shapes.9.1.3 S
36、pirally wound strip, tape, and wire cores.9.1.4 Shaped bar and wire of a cross section not accuratelymeasurable with a micrometer or calipers.9.2 Direct MeasurementThe cross-sectional area shall becalculated from direct measurements using a micrometer orcaliper. This method shall be used for the fol
37、lowing specimentypes:9.2.1 Bar and wire.9.2.2 Rings machined from solid samples.9.2.3 Powder metallurgically produced parts.9.2.4 Cast parts.9.2.5 Link specimens.10. Density10.1 For the determination of cross-sectional area of lami-nated or spirally wound test specimens, a calculation based onlength
38、, weight, and density is more accurate than measureddimensions.10.1.1 Table 1 gives typical densities for commercial softmagnetic alloys.10.2 Electrical Steels (Customary Units):10.2.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminumcontent,
39、 bothin weight percent, is given by the equation:d57.865 2 0.065 percent silicon 1 1.7 3 percent aluminum!(1)where:d = density, g/cm3.10.3 Electrical Steels (SI Units) :10.3.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminumcontent, bothin w
40、eight percent, is given by the equation:d57865 2 65 percent silicon 1 1.7 3 percent aluminum! (2)where:d = density, kg/m3.TABLE 1 Densities of Soft Magnetic MaterialsIron Base Alloys Density (g/cm3)ALow carbon magnetic iron 7.8617 % Cr Type 430 stainless 7.6012 % Al-Fe 6.7416 % Al-Fe 6.53Silicon-Iro
41、n and Aluminum-Bearing Silicon-Iron Alloys(% Si + 1.7 3 % Al) Assumed density(g/cm3)00.62 7.850.631.38 7.801.392.15 7.752.162.92 7.702.933.69 7.653.704.46 7.604.475.23 7.55Nickel-Iron Alloys45 % Ni-Fe 8.1748.5 % Ni-Fe 8.2552 % Ni-Fe 8.3077 % Ni, 2 % Cr, 5 % Cu-Fe 8.5878.5 % Ni-Fe 8.6080 % Ni, 4 % Mo
42、-Fe 8.7480 % Ni, 5 % Mo-Fe 8.77Nickel (99.95 % Ni + Co) 8.90Cobalt-Iron Alloys27 % Co, 0.6 % Cr-Fe 7.9536 % Co-Fe 8.0049 % Co, 2 % V-Fe 8.1249 % Co-Fe 8.15Cobalt 8.85Amorphous AlloysIron base 7.20Nickel base 7.90Cobalt base 7.59ATo convert density to SI units of kg/m3, multiply by 1000.A 34/A 34M 06
43、310.4 Other MaterialsFor other alloys, the measured den-sity or, if necessary, an estimated value, shall be used. Refer toTable 1 or to the appropriate ASTM specification for thedensity to be used in magnetic testing.11. Temperature of Test11.1 All tests shall be made at 25 6 5C unless agreed uponby
44、 the producer and purchaser.12. Inspection and Rejection12.1 If the results of the test of the original specimen fail tomeet the specifications for the properties desired, then twoadditional specimens shall be prepared from the same test lotand tested. If the test results of each of these two additi
45、onal testspecimens meet the specifications, the test lot shall be ac-cepted. When a report is required, the worst of the two passingretest values shall be reported.13. Keywords13.1 density; electrical steel; magnetic material; magnetictestASTM International takes no position respecting the validity
46、of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject t
47、o revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.
48、 Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is
49、copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).A 34/A 34M 064
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