ASTM A34 A34M-2006(2018) Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials.pdf

1、Designation: A34/A34M 06 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Practice forSampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A34/A34M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the

2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test prac-tices for determination of various magnetic properties

3、 of bothsoft and hard magnetic materials.1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, orindependent of, the standard test methods and materials speci-fications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. Inthe former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listedherein shall no

4、t supersede those found in the individual testmethods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, thesampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictlyapply.1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emuand inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately asstand

5、ard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in bracketsexcept for the sections concerning calculations where there areseparate sections for the respective unit systems. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,each system shall be used independently of the other. Com

6、bin-ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformancewith this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmenta

7、l practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gui

8、des and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating toMagnetic Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to magnet

9、ic testing,reference shall be made to Terminology A340.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selectionand preparation of test specimens used in the determination ofmagnetic properties of various materials.4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base ele

10、c-trical steels is given and a table of assumed densities formagnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is pro-vided.5. Test Lots5.1 Wrought, Flat-Rolled, or Long Products:5.1.1 Atest lot of wrought, flat-rolled, or long products shallconsist of not more than 50 000 lb 23 000 kg of material

11、.5.1.2 A test lot may be composed of coils or cut lengths. Atest lot of coil product may consist of one or more coils havingessentially the same treatment and composition.5.2 Amorphous Strip and Wire:5.2.1 A test lot shall consist of a continuously cast strip orwire in one coil without breaks. In pr

12、actice this may representquantities up to 2200 lb 1000 kg.5.3 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:5.3.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from powder of the same composition,1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on MagneticPropertie

13、s and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.01 on TestMethods.Current edition approved May 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A34/A34M 06(2012). DOI: 10.1520/A0034_A0034M-06R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM

14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S

15、tatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to

16、Trade (TBT) Committee.1molded and sintered under the same conditions, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.5.4 Cast Parts:5.4.1 A test lot shall consist of parts of the same geometryand dimensions, made from the same casting heat, which havebeen submitted for inspection at one time.6.

17、 Sampling6.1 Electrical Steel Coils:6.1.1 From test lots in coil form, consisting of only onemaster coil, prepare the test strips from test sheets cut from oneor both ends of the coil.6.1.2 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coilssheared or slit from a master coil, the test strips shal

18、l beprepared from test sheets representing one or both ends of themaster coil.6.1.3 When a test lot in coil form consists of several coilshaving essentially the same treatment and composition, teststrips shall be prepared from test sheets cut from one or bothends of enough master coils to be represe

19、ntative of the lot.6.2 Electrical Steel Cut Lengths:6.2.1 When cut lengths are sheared from coil materialwithout subsequent treatments (such as roller leveling or coldrolling), the test on the original coil shall suffice.6.2.2 Two or more test sheets shall be taken from the samelot of cut length ste

20、el that has been cold rolled or leveled. Thesetest sheets shall not lie adjacent to each other, but shall beselected in a manner to assure representative sampling.6.3 Wrought Products Other Than Electrical Steels:6.3.1 Sampling shall be one sample per each heat applied tothe order unless otherwise s

21、pecified in the appropriate ASTMspecification or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.6.4 Amorphous Strip and Wire:6.4.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample from each end ofeach continuously cast coil unless otherwise specified in theappropriate ASTM specification or by mutual agre

22、ement be-tween the producer and purchaser.6.5 Powder Metallurgically Produced Parts:6.5.1 Sampling shall consist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.6.6 Cast Parts:6.6.1 Sampling shall co

23、nsist of one sample per test lotunless otherwise specified in the appropriate ASTM specifica-tion or by mutual agreement between the producer andpurchaser.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimens used for the determination of prop-erties of magnetic materials will vary in form, depending uponthe test

24、 equipment and the dimensions of the material to betested. Prepare the test specimens in a manner to adequatelyrepresent the areas being sampled. Standard forms include flatstrips, rings, bars, and links in accordance with the followingpractices.7.1.1 Flat Strips:7.1.1.1 Except when otherwise establ

25、ished by mutual agree-ment between the producer and the purchaser, the Epstein testspecimen shall be the standard specimen for determination ofthe magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels.7.1.1.2 Standard Epstein test specimens shall be composedof test strips preferably cut from test she

26、ets in a manner shownin Fig. 1 (a) or (b). One half of the strips are cut parallel to andthe other half cut perpendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.1.3 If the width of the material does not permit cuttingof strips perpendicular to the rolling direction, or, if thematerial has preferred propert

27、ies in any one direction withrespect to the direction of rolling, or, if the material is to beused with the flux in any one direction, all of the strips may becut in a specified direction which shall be agreed upon by theproducer and the purchaser. All lengthwise strips may beselected as shown in Fi

28、g. 1 (c).7.1.1.4 When fewer than the total number of strips obtainedfrom the sampled area are needed for the test specimen, theexcess strips should be discarded equally from all locations inthe sampled area. For instance, if approximately14 of the totalstrips obtained is excess, every fourth strip s

29、hould be dis-carded.FIG. 1 Suggested Distribution of Strips To Be Cut from Sheets for Magnetic TestsA34/A34M 06 (2018)27.1.1.5 The Epstein test specimen shall consist of stripssheared or punched in a width of 3.00 cm 30.0 mm and notless than 28.0 cm 280 mm long. If for ease of assembling thespecimen

30、 in the test frame, it is desired to use strips slightlylonger than 28.0 cm 280 mm, a length of 30.5 cm 305 mmis recommended.7.1.1.6 Test strips shall be nearly rectangular as possible andshall conform to the specified dimensions within 60.08 cm0.8 mm.7.1.1.7 Test strips shall be cut with sharp shea

31、rs or dies toavoid excessive burring or distortion.7.1.1.8 Reports of test shall state specifically the manner inwhich the test strips were cut if other than one half parallel andthe other half perpendicular to the direction of rolling.7.1.2 Rings:7.1.2.1 Ring specimen may be punched, laser cut, spi

32、rallywound, forged, machined, sintered, or cast. The specimensshall be of uniform radial width and cross-sectional area. Theyshall be continuous, having no joints or welds except wherespecified or established by mutual agreement.7.1.2.2 The ratio of mean diameter to radial width shall notbe less tha

33、n 10:1.7.1.2.3 Sharp dies or shears shall be used in the preparationof ring specimens of flat-rolled sheet material.7.1.2.4 If the radial width of punched rings is less than3.0 cm 30 mm, work-hardened portions shall be removedbefore testing by a heat treatment practice acceptable to boththe producer

34、 and the purchaser. Spirally wound cores must alsobe heat treated before testing.7.1.3 Bars:7.1.3.1 Bar or rod specimens may be rolled, forged,machined, or cast. They shall be straight and of uniform crosssection and of sufficient size to meet the requirements of thetesting equipment used.7.1.4 Link

35、s:7.1.4.1 Link specimens have the shape of a ring, flattened toform semicircular ends and straight, parallel sides. The semi-circular parts of a link shall have a ratio of mean diameter toradial width not less than 10:1.8. Uniformity of Test Specimens8.1 The cross section of the test specimens shall

36、 be asuniform along the magnetic path length as commercial practicepermits.Any deviation from uniformity shall be as agreed uponbetween the producer and purchaser. Specimens shall beprepared and heat treated without warping. Cast specimensshall be machined or ground to a cross section uniform within

37、1 % unless otherwise agreed upon between the producer andthe purchaser.9. Cross-Sectional Area of Test Specimens9.1 Density MethodThe cross-sectional area shall be cal-culated from measurements of weight and length using adensity value in accordance with Section 10. This method shallbe used for the

38、following specimen types:9.1.1 Epstein strips.9.1.2 Laminated stacks of rings or other shapes.9.1.3 Spirally wound strip, tape, and wire cores.9.1.4 Shaped bar and wire of a cross section not accuratelymeasurable with a micrometer or calipers.9.2 Direct MeasurementThe cross-sectional area shall beca

39、lculated from direct measurements using a micrometer orcaliper. This method shall be used for the following specimentypes:9.2.1 Bar and wire.9.2.2 Rings machined from solid samples.9.2.3 Powder metallurgically produced parts.9.2.4 Cast parts.9.2.5 Link specimens.10. Density10.1 For the determination

40、 of cross-sectional area of lami-nated or spirally wound test specimens, a calculation based onlength, weight, and density is more accurate than measureddimensions.10.1.1 Table 1 gives typical densities for commercial softmagnetic alloys.10.2 Electrical Steels (Customary Units):TABLE 1 Densities of

41、Soft Magnetic MaterialsIron Base Alloys Density (g/cm3)ALow carbon magnetic iron 7.8617 % Cr Type 430 stainless 7.6012 % Al-Fe 6.7416 % Al-Fe 6.53Silicon-Iron and Aluminum-Bearing Silicon-Iron Alloys(%Si+1.7%Al) Assumed density(g/cm3)00.62 7.850.631.38 7.801.392.15 7.752.162.92 7.702.933.69 7.653.70

42、4.46 7.604.475.23 7.55Nickel-Iron Alloys45 % Ni-Fe 8.1748.5 % Ni-Fe 8.2552 % Ni-Fe 8.3077 % Ni, 2 % Cr, 5 % Cu-Fe 8.5878.5 % Ni-Fe 8.6080 % Ni, 4 % Mo-Fe 8.7480 % Ni, 5 % Mo-Fe 8.77Nickel (99.95 % Ni + Co) 8.90Cobalt-Iron Alloys27 % Co, 0.6 % Cr-Fe 7.9536 % Co-Fe 8.0049 % Co, 2 % V-Fe 8.1249 % Co-Fe

43、 8.15Cobalt 8.85Amorphous AlloysIron base 7.20Nickel base 7.90Cobalt base 7.59ATo convert density to SI units of kg/m3, multiply by 1000.A34/A34M 06 (2018)310.2.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminumcontent, both in weight percen

44、t, is given by the equation: 5 7.865 2 0.065 percent silicon 11.7 3percent aluminum! (1)where: = density, g/cm3.10.3 Electrical Steels (SI Units):10.3.1 For iron base alloys, the average relationship be-tween density and silicon content or silicon and aluminumcontent, both in weight percent, is give

45、n by the equation: 5 7865 2 65 percent silicon11.7 3percent aluminum! (2)where: = density, kg/m3.10.4 Other MaterialsFor other alloys, the measured den-sity or, if necessary, an estimated value, shall be used. Refer toTable 1 or to the appropriate ASTM specification for thedensity to be used in magn

46、etic testing.11. Temperature of Test11.1 All tests shall be made at 25 6 5C unless agreed uponby the producer and purchaser.12. Inspection and Rejection12.1 If the results of the test of the original specimen fail tomeet the specifications for the properties desired, then twoadditional specimens sha

47、ll be prepared from the same test lotand tested. If the test results of each of these two additional testspecimens meet the specifications, the test lot shall be ac-cepted. When a report is required, the worst of the two passingretest values shall be reported.13. Keywords13.1 density; electrical ste

48、el; magnetic material; magnetictestASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk

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