ASTM A370-2014 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products《钢产品机械测试的标准试验方法和定义》.pdf

1、Designation:A37013A37014 Standard Test Methods and Denitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products 1 This standard is issued under the xed designation A370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis

2、ion.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval. This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense. 1. Scope* 1.1 Thesetestmethods 2 coverproceduresandden

3、itionsforthemechanicaltestingofsteels,stainlesssteels,andrelatedalloys. The various mechanical tests herein described are used to determine properties required in the product specications. Variations in testing methods are to be avoided, and standard methods of testing are to be followed to obtain r

4、eproducible and comparable results. In those cases in which the testing requirements for certain products are unique or at variance with these general procedures, the product specication testing requirements shall control. 1.2 The following mechanical tests are described: Sections Tension 6 to 14 Be

5、nd 15 Hardness 16 Brinell 17 Rockwell 18 Portable 19 Impact 20 to 29 Keywords 30 Sections Tension 6 to 14 Bend 15 Hardness 16 Brinell 17 Rockwell 18 Portable 19 Impact 20 to 29 Keywords 30 1.3 Annexes covering details peculiar to certain products are appended to these test methods as follows: Annex

6、Bar Products A1.1 Tubular Products Annex A2 Fasteners Annex A3 Round Wire Products Annex A4 Signicance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing Annex A5 Converting Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to Equivalents for Flat Specimens Annex A6 Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A7 Rounding of Test Data Annex

7、A8 Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9 Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-Cycle Simulation Annex A10 Annex Bar Products A1.1 Tubular Products Annex A2 Fasteners Annex A3 Round Wire Products Annex A4 Signicance of Notched-Bar Impact Testing Annex A5 1 These test methods and denitio

8、ns are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.13 on Mechanical and Chemical Testing and Processing Methods of Steel Products and Processes. Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013May 15, 2014. Publi

9、shed April 2014July 2014. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 as A37012a.A37013. DOI: 10.1520/A0370-13.10.1520/A0370-14. 2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specication SA-370 in Section II of that Code. This document is not anASTM

10、standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all

11、cases only the current version of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document. *ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States 1Convertin

12、g Percentage Elongation of Round Specimens to Equivalents for Flat Specimens Annex A6 Testing Multi-Wire Strand Annex A7 Rounding of Test Data Annex A8 Methods for Testing Steel Reinforcing Bars Annex A9 Procedure for Use and Control of Heat-Cycle Simulation Annex A10 1.4 The values stated in inch-p

13、ound units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 When this document is referenced in a metric product specication, the yield and tensile values may be determined in inch-pound (ksi) units then converted into SI (MPa) units. The elongation determined in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in. may be

14、 reported in SI unit gauge lengths of 50 or 200 mm, respectively, as applicable. Conversely, when this document is referenced in an inch-pound product specication, the yield and tensile values may be determined in SI units then converted into inch-pound units. The elongation determined in SI unit ga

15、uge lengths of 50 or 200 mm may be reported in inch-pound gauge lengths of 2 or 8 in., respectively, as applicable. 1.6 Attention is directed to ISO/IEC 17025 when there may be a need for information on criteria for evaluation of testing laboratories. 1.7 This standard does not purport to address al

16、l of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards: 3 A623Specication

17、for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements A623MSpecication for Tin Mill Products, General Requirements Metric A703/A703MSpecication for Steel Castings, General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts A781/A781MSpecication for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industri

18、al Use A833Practice for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Comparison Hardness Testers A956Test Method for Leeb Hardness Testing of Steel Products A1038Test Method for Portable Hardness Testing by the Ultrasonic Contact Impedance Method E4Practices for Force Verication of Testing Machines

19、 E6Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials E23Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Mater

20、ials E29Practice for Using Signicant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specications E83Practice for Verication and Classication of Extensometer Systems E110Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Metallic Materials by Portable Hardness Testers E190Test Method for Guided Bend Test for

21、 Ductility of Welds E290Test Methods for Bend Testing of Material for Ductility 2.2 ASME Document: 4 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I, Part UG-8Code, Section VIII, Division I, Part UG-8 2.3 ISO Standard: 5 ISO/IEC 17025General Requirements for the Competence of Testing

22、and Calibration Laboratories 3. Signicance and Use 3.1 Theprimaryuseofthesetestmethodsistestingtodeterminethespeciedmechanicalpropertiesofsteel,stainlesssteeland related alloy products for the evaluation of conformance of such products to a material specication under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committ

23、ee A01 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract. 3.1.1 These test methods may be and are used by otherASTM Committees and other standards writing bodies for the purpose of conformance testing. 3.1.2 The material condition at the time of testing, sampling fre

24、quency, specimen location and orientation, reporting requirements, and other test parameters are contained in the pertinent material specication or in a General Requirement Specication for the particular product form. 3 ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustome

25、rServiceatserviceastm.org.ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website. 4 Available fromAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME),ASME International Headquarters,ThreeTwo ParkAve., NewYork, NY10016-5990. 10016-5990, http:/www

26、asme.org. 5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. A37014 23.1.3 Some material specications require the use of additional test methods not described herein; in such cases, the required test method is described

27、in that material specication or by reference to another appropriate test method standard. 3.2 These test methods are also suitable to be used for testing of steel, stainless steel and related alloy materials for other purposes, such as incoming material acceptance testing by the purchaser or evaluat

28、ion of components after service exposure. 3.2.1 As with any mechanical testing, deviations from either specication limits or expected as-manufactured properties can occur for valid reasons besides deciency of the original as-fabricated product. These reasons include, but are not limited to: subseque

29、nt service degradation from environmental exposure (for example, temperature, corrosion); static or cyclic service stress effects, mechanically-induced damage, material inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select alloys, further processing not included in the specication, sampling

30、limitations, and measuring equipment calibration uncertainty. There is statisticalvariationinallaspectsofmechanicaltestingandvariationsintestresultsfrompriortestsareexpected.Anunderstanding of possible reasons for deviation from specied or expected test values should be applied in interpretation of

31、test results. 4. General Precautions 4.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending, forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may affect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, the product specications cover the stage of manufacture at which mechanical testingistobep

32、erformed.Thepropertiesshownbytestingpriortofabricationmaynotnecessarilyberepresentativeoftheproduct after it has been completely fabricated. 4.2 Improperly machined specimens should be discarded and other specimens substituted. 4.3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test specimen

33、develops aws, the retest provision of the applicable product specication shall govern. 4.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken. 5. Orientation of Test Specimens

34、5.1 Thetermslongitudinaltestandtransversetestareusedonlyinmaterialspecicationsforwroughtproductsandarenot applicable to castings. When such reference is made to a test coupon or test specimen, the following denitions apply: 5.1.1 LongitudinalTest,unlessspecicallydenedotherwise,signiesthatthelengthwi

35、seaxisofthespecimenisparalleltothe direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stress applied to a longitudinal tension test specimen is in the direction of the greatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a longitudinal bend test specimen is at right angles to

36、 the direction of greatest extension (Fig. 1, Fig. 2a, and 2b). 5.1.2 Transverse Test, unless specically dened otherwise, signies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is at right angles to the direction of the greatest extension of the steel during rolling or forging. The stress applied to a tra

37、nsverse tension test specimen is at right angles to the greatest extension, and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen is parallel to the greatest extension (Fig. 1). FIG. 1 The Relation of Test Coupons and Test Specimens to Rolling Direction or Extension (Applicable to General Wrou

38、ght Products) A37014 35.2 The terms radial test and tangential test are used in material specications for some wrought circular products and are not applicable to castings. When such reference is made to a test coupon or test specimen, the following denitions apply: 5.2.1 RadialTest,unlessspecically

39、denedotherwise,signiesthatthelengthwiseaxisofthespecimenisperpendiculartothe axis of the product and coincident with one of the radii of a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as a center (Fig. 2a). 5.2.2 Tangential Test, unless specically dened otherwise, signies that the lengthwise

40、 axis of the specimen is perpendicular to a plane containing the axis of the product and tangent to a circle drawn with a point on the axis of the product as a center (Fig. 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d). TENSION TEST 6. Description 6.1 The tension test related to the mechanical testing of steel products subje

41、cts a machined or full-section specimen of the material under examination to a measured load sufficient to cause rupture. The resulting properties sought are dened in Terminology E6. FIG. 2Location of Longitudinal Tension Test Specimens in Rings Cut from Tubular Products A37014 46.2 In general, the

42、testing equipment and methods are given in Test Methods E8/E8M. However, there are certain exceptions to Test Methods E8/E8M practices in the testing of steel, and these are covered in these test methods. 7. Terminology 7.1 For denitions of terms pertaining to tension testing, including tensile stre

43、ngth, yield point, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area, reference should be made to Terminology E6. 8. TestingApparatus and Operations 8.1 Loading SystemsThere are two general types of loading systems, mechanical (screw power) and hydraulic. These differ chiey in the variability of the

44、 rate of load application. The older screw power machines are limited to a small number of xed free running crosshead speeds. Some modern screw power machines, and all hydraulic machines permit stepless variation throughout the range of speeds. 8.2 The tension testing machine shall be maintained in

45、good operating condition, used only in the proper loading range, and calibrated periodically in accordance with the latest revision of Practices E4. NOTE 1Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that some recorders

46、have a load measuring component entirely separate from the load indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders are calibrated separately. 8.3 LoadingIt is the function of the gripping or holding device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the heads of the machine to the specimen under

47、test. The essential requirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen at the beginning and during the test and that bending or twisting be held to a minimum.

48、 For specimens with a reduced section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size, nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be permissible. 8.4 Speed of TestingThe speed of testing shall not be greater than tha

49、t at which load and strain readings can be made accurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonly expressed: (1) in terms of free running crosshead speed (rate of movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not under load), (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two heads of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate of stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining the specimen. The following limitations on the speed of testing are recommended as adequate for mo