1、Designation: A 394 08Standard Specification forSteel Transmission Tower Bolts, Zinc-Coated and Bare1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical and mecha
3、nicalrequirements of hexagon and square-head zinc-coated steelbolts and atmospheric corrosion-resistant bolts, in nominalthread diameters of1258 ,34 ,78 and 1 in. for use in theconstruction of transmission towers, substations, and similarsteel structures. The various types of bolts covered in thissp
4、ecification are:1.1.1 Type 0Hot-dip zinc-coated bolts made of low ormedium carbon steel.1.1.2 Type 1Hot-dip zinc-coated bolts made of mediumcarbon steel, quenched and tempered.1.1.3 Type 2Withdrawn in 2005.1.1.4 Type 3Bare (uncoated), quenched and temperedbolts made of weathering steel.1.2 Annex A1
5、of this specification covers hot-dip zinc-coated steel ladder bolts, step bolts, and support-equipmentbolts.1.3 Nuts and washers that are supplied under this specifica-tion that are hot-dip zinc coated shall be in accordance with4.4.1.4 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F
6、1789.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 11, of this specification. Thisstandard does not purport to address all
7、of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 563 Specification for
8、Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF 436 Specification for Hardened Steel WashersF 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF 788/F 788M Specification for
9、Surface Discontinuities ofBolts, Screws, and Studs, Inch and Metric SeriesF 1470 Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF 2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-ments for Application to
10、Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded FastenersG 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric CorrosionResistance of Low-Alloy Steels2.2 ASME Standards:3B1.1 Unified Screw ThreadsB18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and ScrewsB18.24 Part Identifying Number (PIN) Code System St
11、an-dard for B 18 Fastener Products3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for products under this specification shall includethe following:3.1.1 Quantity (number of bolts and accessories).3.1.2 Name of products, including accessories such asA 563 nuts and F 436 washers when desired.1This specification is
12、under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A 394 07.2For
13、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), A
14、SMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 Dimensions, including
15、 nominal bolt diameter andlength. For bolts other than transmission-tower bolts, completedimensions are required (see Annex A1).3.1.4 Type of bolt (for example, Type 0, 1, or 3).3.1.4.1 When non-zinc-coated atmospheric corrosion-resistant steel is required, Type 3 bolts shall be specified by thepurc
16、haser.3.1.5 ASTM designation and year of issue. When year ofissue is not specified, bolts shall be furnished to the latest issue.3.1.6 Additional requirements, if any, are to be specified onthe purchase order:3.1.6.1 Shear-strength testing (see 6.2.1 and 6.2.2). Includetype of test required.3.1.6.2
17、Additional tests.3.1.6.3 Inspection (see 12.1 and 12.2).3.1.6.4 Certification (see 14.1).3.1.6.5 Test reports (see 14.1).3.1.6.6 Other finishes, specify other protective finish, ifrequired.NOTE 1Examples of ordering description:(1) 1000 square-head transmission-tower bolts,12 by 2 in. Type 1, hot-di
18、pzinc coated, shear testing required, ASTM A 394 XX, with hot-dipzinc-coated hex nuts, Grade DH, ASTM A 563 XX,( 2) 1000 transmission tower bolts,12 by 2 in. Type 0, hot-dip zinc coated,ASTM A 394 XX, with hot-dip zinc-coated hex nuts, Grade A, ASTMA 563 XX.(3) 1000 transmission tower bolts,12 by 2
19、in. Type 3,ASTMA 394 XX,with hex nuts, Grade DH3 weathering steel, ASTM A 563 XX and with2 circular washers, Type 3, ASTM F 436 XX.3.1.7 For establishment of a part identifying system, seeASME B18.24.3.2 Recommended Nuts:3.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, all nuts on these bolts shallbe hex style and
20、 conform to the requirements of SpecificationA 563 as follows.Bolt Type Nut Grade Finish0 A hot-dip zinc-coated1 DH hot-dip zinc-coated3 DH3 plain3.3 Recommended Washers:3.3.1 Suitable washers for use with Type 0 are hot-dipzinc-coated carbon-steel washers with dimensions that are inaccordance with
21、Specification F 436. Suitable washers for usewith Type 1 bolts are hot-dip zinc-coated Type 1 hardened-steelwashers that are in accordance with Specification F 436.Suitable washers for use with Type 3 bolts are Type 3hardened-steel washers that are in accordance with Specifica-tion F 436.4. Material
22、s and Manufacture4.1 Steel for the manufacture of bolts shall be made by anyof the following processes: open-hearth, electric-furnace, orbasic-oxygen.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Type 1 bolts produced from medium carbon steel shallbe quenched in a liquid medium from above the austenizingtemperature. Typ
23、e 1 bolts produced from medium carbon steelto which chromium, nickel, molybdenum, or boron wereintentionally added shall be quenched only in oil from abovethe austenitizing temperature.4.2.2 Type 3 bolts shall be quenched only in oil from abovethe austenitizing temperature.4.2.3 Type 1 bolts, regard
24、less of the steel used, and Type 3bolts shall be tempered by reheating to not less than 800F.4.2.4 Cold-headed Type 0 bolts shall be stress relief an-nealed before zinc coating to remove cold work effects suchthat the hardness measured anywhere on the surface or throughthe cross-section shall meet t
25、he requirements in 6.1.4.3 Threads may be rolled or cut.4.4 Zinc Coatings, Hot Dip:4.4.1 Type 0 and Type 1 bolts shall be hot-dip zinc-coatedaccordance with the requirements of Specification F 2329,except that the minimum average weight (thickness) of zinccoating shall be 1.65 oz/ft2(0.0028 in.) and
26、 the minimumweight of zinc coating on any one item shall be 1.50 oz/ft2(0.0025 in.).4.4.2 Bolt threads shall not be cut, rolled, or otherwisefinished after zinc coating.4.4.3 Hot-dip zinc-coated nuts furnished under Specifica-tion A 563 shall be tapped after zinc coating.4.4.4 Hot-dip zinc-coated nu
27、ts and washers supplied for usewith bolts under this specification shall be zinc-coated inaccordance with 4.4.1.4.5 Protection of Uncoated SurfacesWhen hot-dip zinc-coated nuts are ordered, the cutting oil or some other suitablesubstance shall be left on the uncoated surface to inhibit rustingduring
28、 shipment and storage. It is recommended that theadditional lubricant be clean and dry to the touch.4.6 Secondary Processing:4.6.1 If any processing which can affect the mechanicalproperties or performance of the bolts is performed after theinitial testing, the bolts shall be retested for all specif
29、iedmechanical properties and performance requirements affectedby the reprocessing.4.6.2 When the secondary processing is heat treatment, thebolts shall be tested for all specified mechanical properties.Hot-dip zinc-coated bolts shall be tested for all specifiedmechanical properties.5. Chemical Compo
30、sition5.1 Type 0 and Type 1 bolts shall conform to the chemicalcomposition requirements specified in Table 1.5.2 Type 3 bolts shall conform to one of the chemicalcompositions specified in Table 2. The selection of the chemi-cal composition A, B, C, D, E, or F shall be at the option of thebolt manufa
31、cturer. See Guide G 101 for methods of estimatingthe atmospheric corrosion resistance of low alloy steels.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Tension TestTypes 0, 1, and 3 bolts having a lengthequal to or more than 3 diameters shall be wedge tension testedas specified in 11.1 and shall conform to the tensil
32、e strengthrequirements in Table 3. Zinc-coated bolts shall be tested afterA394082coating. Bolts too short for full size testing or for other reasonsnot subject to tension tests, shall meet the following hardnessrequirements:Min MaxType 0Rockwell B 80 100Types 1 and 3Rockwell C 25 346.2 Shear Strengt
33、h:6.2.1 When specified in the original inquiry and order, bolts,except as excluded in 6.2.2, shall be shear strength tested inaccordance with 11.2 and shall meet the requirements given inTable 4.6.2.2 Bolts with unthreaded body lengths shorter than twotimes the nominal bolt diameter, are subject to
34、shear strengthTABLE 1 Chemical Requirements and Head MarkingsHead Marking Bolt TypeElement, %Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Boron0 0.55 max . . . 0.48 max 0.058 max . . .1 0.28/0.55 0.60 min 0.48 max 0.058 max . . .3 . . . SeeTable 2 .TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements for Type 3 Heavy Hex Structural
35、 BoltsAElementComposition, %Type 3 BoltsAABCDEFCarbon:Heat Analysis 0.330.40 0.380.48 0.150.25 0.150.25 0.200.25 0.200.25Product Analysis 0.310.42 0.360.50 0.140.26 0.140.26 0.180.27 0.190.26Manganese:Heat Analysis 0.901.20 0.700.90 0.801.35 0.401.20 0.601.00 0.901.20Product Analysis 0.861.24 0.670.
36、93 0.761.39 0.361.24 0.561.04 0.861.24Phosphorus:Heat Analysis 0.035 max 0.060.125 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 max 0.035 maxProduct Analysis 0.040 max 0.061.25 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 maxSulfur:Heat Analysis 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 max 0.040 maxProduct Analysis 0.045
37、max 0.045 max 0.045 max 0.045 max 0.045 max 0.045 maxSilicon:Heat Analysis 0.150.35 0.300.50 0.150.35 0.250.50 0.150.35 0.150.35Product Analysis 0.130.37 0.250.55 0.130.37 0.200.55 0.130.37 0.130.37Copper:Heat Analysis 0.250.45 0.200.40 0.200.50 0.300.50 0.300.60 0.200.40Product Analysis 0.220.48 0.
38、170.43 0.170.53 0.270.53 0.270.63 0.170.43Nickel:Heat Analysis 0.250.45 0.500.80 0.250.50 0.500.80 0.300.60 0.200.40Product Analysis 0.220.48 0.470.83 0.220.53 0.470.83 0.270.63 0.170.43Chromium:Heat Analysis 0.450.65 0.500.75 0.300.50 0.501.00 0.600.90 0.450.65Product Analysis 0.420.68 0.470.83 0.2
39、70.53 0.451.05 0.550.95 0.420.68Vanadium:Heat AnalysisBB0.020 minBBBProduct Analysis 0.010 minMolybdenum:Heat AnalysisB0.06 maxB0.10 maxBBProduct AnalysisB0.07 maxB0.11 maxTitanium: . . . . . .Heat AnalysisBBB0.05 maxBBProduct Analysis 0.06 maxAA, B, C, D, E, and F are classes of material used for T
40、ype 3 bolts. Selection of a class shall be at the option of the bolt manufacturer.BThese elements are not specified or required.TABLE 3 Tensile StrengthANominalSize,in.Minimum Tensile Load, lbfType 0BTypes 1 and 3C12 10 500 17 05058 16 700 27 10034 24 700 40 10078 34 200 55 4501 44 850 72 700ATensil
41、e strength based on the thread stress area, As, is calculated as follows:As= 0.7854 D (0.9743/N)2where:D = nominal diameter, andN = threads per inch.BBased on 74 000 psi unit tensile strength.CBased on 120 000 psi unit tensile strength.A394083testing only upon agreement between the purchaser and sup
42、-plier as to testing method and shear strength values.7. Dimensions7.1 Bolt threads, before zinc coating, shall be the unifiedcoarse thread series and Class 2A tolerance as defined in thelatest issue of ASME B1.1.7.2 Unless otherwise specified, hex bolts shall be furnished.End bolts need not be cham
43、fered or pointed. Bolts shall befull-size body in conformance with the latest issue of ASMEB18.2.1, except as specified in 7.2.1 or 7.2.2.7.2.1 Full-body length listed in Table 5 of this specificationshall be the basis of manufacture and inspection.7.2.2 On rolled thread bolts, the distance from the
44、 top of theextrusion angle to be the first fully formed thread shall notexceed 3.5 thread pitches in length.7.3 Threads:7.3.1 UncoatedThere shall be the Unified Coarse ThreadSeries as specified in ASME B1.1, and shall have Class 2Atolerances.7.3.2 CoatedUnless otherwise specified, zinc-coated boltst
45、o be used with zinc-coated nuts or tapped holes that are tappedoversize, in accordance with Specification A 563, shall haveClass 2A threads before hot-dip zinc-coating. After zinc-coating, the maximum limits of pitch and major diameter shallnot exceed the Class 2A limit by more than the followingamo
46、unts:Nominal BoltDiameter, in.Oversize Limit, in.AHot-Dip Zinc12 0.01858 ,34 0.02078 0.0221 0.024AHot-dip zinc-coated nuts are tapped oversize after coating.7.3.3 The gaging limit for bolts shall be verified duringmanufacture. In case of dispute, a calibrated thread ring gage ofthe same size as the
47、oversize limit in 7.3.2 (Class X tolerance,gage tolerance plus) shall be used to verify compliance. Thegage shall assemble with hand effort following application oflight machine oil to prevent galling and damage to the gage.These inspections, when performed to resolve controversy,shall be conducted
48、at the frequency specified in the qualityassurance provisions of ASME B18.2.1.8. Workmanship8.1 Surface discontinuity limits of Types 1 and 3 shall be inaccordance with Specification F 788/F 788M.9. Sampling9.1 Testing Responsibility:9.1.1 Each lot shall be tested by the manufacturer prior toshipmen
49、t in accordance with the lot identification controlquality assurance plan in 9.2-9.4.9.1.2 When bolts are furnished by a source other than themanufacturer, the responsibly party as defined in Section 15shall be responsible for assuring all tests have been performedand the bolts comply with the requirements of this specification(see 4.6).9.2 Purpose of Lot InspectionThe purpose of a lot inspec-tion program is to ensure that each lot conforms to therequirements of
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