ASTM A437 A437M-2011 Standard Specification for Stainless and Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature Service《高温设施用特殊热处理不锈钢和合金钢涡轮式螺栓的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: A437/A437M 11Standard Specification forStainless and Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting SpeciallyHeat Treated for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A437/A437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoptio

2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers stainless and alloy-steel bolt-ing specially hea

3、t treated for high-temperature service, such assteam turbine, gas turbine, and similar uses. See SpecificationA962/A962M for the definition of bolting. This materialrequires special processing and should not be used in general-purpose applications. Bolting furnished as bars shall be hotwrought and m

4、ay be further processed by centerless grindingor by cold drawing.1.2 The high-temperature properties of the bolting coveredby this specification are dependent upon special heat treatment,which is required. Although the high-temperature propertiesare not specified, they are implied by control of the

5、chemistry,heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the mate-rial.1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designatedGrades B4B, B4C, and B4D.1.4 The following referenced general requirements are in-dispensable for application of this specification: SpecificationA962/A962M.1.5 Supp

6、lementary requirements are provided for use at theoption of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shallapply only when specified individually by the purchaser in thepurchase order or contract.1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound unitsand in SI units; however, unless the pur

7、chase order or contractspecifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units),the inch-pound units shall apply.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each

8、system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A962/A962M Specification for Common Requirements forBolting Intended for

9、 Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-genic to the Creep RangeE292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-RuptureNotch Tension Tests of MaterialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size3. Ordering Information3.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements necessa

10、ry for product under this specification.Such requirements to be considered include, but are not limitedto, the following:3.1.1 Specification designation, grade, issue date, and revi-sion letter,3.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of pieces),3.1.3 Description (bars, bolts, nuts, etc.),3.1.4 Dimensions,3

11、.1.5 Finish, and3.1.6 Impact testing of nuts, if required (see Section 9).4. Common Requirements4.1 Bolting supplied to this specification shall conform tothe requirements of SpecificationA962/A962M. These require-ments include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, mac-roetch (Grade B4D only), ma

12、rking, certification, optionalsupplementary requirements, and others. Failure to complywith the requirements of Specification A962/A962M consti-tutes nonconformance with this specification. In case of con-flict between this specification and SpecificationA962/A962M,this specification shall prevail.1

13、This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Curren

14、t edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as A437/A437M10a.DOI: 10.1520/A0437_A0437M-11.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-437 in Section II of that code.3For referenc

15、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyrig

16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Discard5.1 A sufficient discard shall be made from each ingot toensure freedom from injurious piping and undue segregation.6. Heat Treatment6.1 Grades B4B and B4C shall be heated to a temper

17、aturerange of 1875 to 1925 F 1025 to 1050 C and liquidquenched to below 600 F 316 C. The material Grades B4Band B4C shall then be uniformly reheated for tempering at atempering temperature at least 100 F 55 C higher than theproposed operating temperature but not less than 1150 F 620C, then air or fu

18、rnace cooled to room temperature. Thematerial shall be at the tempering temperature for a minimumof 2 h. Double tempering may be used to enhance properties.6.2 Grade B4D shall be heated to a temperature range of1700 to 1750 F 925 to 954 C and oil quenched. Thematerial shall then be uniformly reheate

19、d or tempered at atemperature of 1200 F 650 C minimum, followed by air orfurnace cooling to room temperature.6.3 Stress relieving treatment of the bar material is requiredafter any stretcher, roller, or rotary-straightening or cold-finishing operations performed after heat treatment for me-chanical

20、properties. Local gagging or press straightening tocorrect camber limitations in excess of 1/4 in. in any 5 ft 6 mmin any 1.5 m shall be followed by a stress relieving heattreatment. The minimum stress relieving temperature shall be100 F 55 C below the minimum tempering temperature asshown in 6.1 fo

21、r Grades B4B and B4C or in 6.2 for GradeB4D.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Material shall conform to the requirements as to chemi-cal composition specified in Table 1.8. Tensile Requirements8.1 Material shall conform to the requirements as to tensileproperties prescribed in Table 2 at room temperature a

22、fter heattreatment.8.2 The longitudinal axis of the test specimen shall beparallel to the direction of rolling.9. Impact Requirements9.1 Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall conform to therequirements as to impact properties prescribed in Table 3 atroom temperature after heat treatment.10. Hardness Tests1

23、0.1 Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall conform to therequirements as to hardness as prescribed in Table 4 and Table5 at room temperature after heat treatment.11. Nuts11.1 When specified by the purchaser, nuts shall be subjectto the impact and tension requirements of this specification.The tests shall be

24、 made on test specimens taken from the bar orplate used in the manufacture of the nuts.12. Threads12.1 All threads shall be formed after heat treatment.13. Nondestructive Inspection13.1 Each bar or forged blank of starting material shall besubjected to NDE following final heat treatment. The methodu

25、sed shall be either the Eddy Current (EC), the MagneticParticle (MPI) (wet or dry), the Liquid Penetrant (LPI), theUltrasonic (UT), or the Visual Testing (VT), at the option of theproducer. For LPI or MPI, linear indications (those indicationslonger than116 in. 1.5 mm with a length greater than thre

26、etimes their width) are unacceptable. For UT or ET, reject levelsfor linear indications shall be based on the alarm response froma surface notch with a maximum depth of 0.012 in. 0.30 mmin a calibration bar. Product being subjected to VT shall bepickled prior to inspection. VT indications longer tha

27、n18 in.3.2 mm are prohibited.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElement Grades B4B, B4CBGrade B4DRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderCarbon 0.200.25 0.02 0.360.44 0.02Manganese 0.501.00 0.03 0.450.70 0.03Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSulfur,

28、 max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSilicon 0.200.50 0.05 0.200.35 0.02Nickel 0.501.00 0.03 . .Chromium 11.012.5 0.15 0.801.15 0.05Molybdenum 0.901.25 0.05 0.500.65 0.03Vanadium 0.200.30 0.03 0.250.35 0.03Tungsten 0.901.25 0.05 . .Aluminum, maxC0.05 . 0.015 .Titanium, max 0.05 . . .Tin, max 0.04 .

29、. .ASteel to which lead has been added shall not be used.BUNS S42200.CTotal, Soluble + InsolubleTABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade Diameter, in. mm TensileStrength,min, ksiMPaYieldStrength(0.2 %offset) min,ksi MPaElongationin 2 in. or50 mm,min, %Reductionof Area,min, %B4B . 145 1000 105 720 13 30B4C

30、. 115 790 85 585 18 50B4D 212 65 and under 125 105 18 50860 720over 212 to465to1001107609565517 45over 4 to 7 100 to1801006908558516 45TABLE 3 Impact RequirementsGrade Minimum Impact Value, ftlbf JB4B 10 14B4C 25 34B4DA25 34AFor bars over 5-in. 127-mm diameter only.A437/A437M 11214. Certification14.

31、1 Certification is required. See Specification A962/A962M.15. Product Marking15.1 Use the grade symbol shown in Table 4. See Specifi-cation A962/A962M.16. Keywords16.1 boltssteel; chromium alloy steel; fastenerssteel;marking on fasteners; nutssteel; stainless steel; steel barsalloy; steel bolting ma

32、terial; temperature serviceapplicationshigh; turbine materialsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified bythe purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order; in which event the specified tests shall be made beforeshipment of

33、the product.S1. Non-Destructive ExaminationS1.1 NDE is required following all machining and thread-ing. The acceptance criteria of 13.1 shall apply.S2. Stress Rupture TestingGrade B4BS2.1 Stress rupture testing shall be conducted at 1200 F650 C and 26 000 psi 180 MPa using a combination testbar in a

34、ccordance with Test Methods E292. Rupture shall occurin the smooth section of each test specimen. The test may bediscontinued after 25 h provided the certification so notes.Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less than12 in.12.7 mm in diameter or thickness.S3. Grain SizeGrades B4B and B4C

35、S3.1 The average grain size shall be 4 or finer. Themaximum size of individual grains, distributed at random, shallbe a 2. When the average grain size is 5 or finer, only theaverage size need be reported. Grain size determination shallbe performed in accordance with Test Methods E112.SUMMARY OF CHAN

36、GESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A437/A437M10a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved November 1, 2011)(1) Clarified certification and marking to reflect changes toSpecification A962/A962M.Committee A01 has

37、 identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A437/A437M10, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2010)(1) Added new Supplementary Requirements S2 and S3.TABLE 4 Hardness Requirements for Bolts and StudsGrade Brinell Hardness Number

38、, maxB4B 331B4C 277B4D 302TABLE 5 Hardness Requirements for Nuts and WashersGrade Brinell Hardness Number Rockwell HardnessNumberB4B 293341 C 3137B4C 229277 C 2129B4D 263311 C 2733A437/A437M 113ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection w

39、ith any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible tec

40、hnical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful considera

41、tion at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr H

42、arbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A437/A437M 114