1、Designation: A437/A437M 15Standard Specification forStainless and Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting SpeciallyHeat Treated for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A437/A437M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers stainless and alloy-steel bolt-ing material and
3、bolting components specially heat treated forhigh-temperature service, such as steam turbine, gas turbine,and similar uses. See Specification A962/A962M for thedefinition of bolting. This material requires special processingand should not be used in general-purpose applications. Bolt-ing furnished a
4、s bars shall be hot wrought and may be furtherprocessed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing.1.2 The high-temperature properties of the bolting materialsand components covered by this specification are dependentupon special heat treatment, which is required. Although thehigh-temperature propert
5、ies are not specified, they are impliedby control of the chemistry, heat treatment, and room-temperature properties of the bolting material.1.3 Three levels of bolting strength are covered, designatedGrades B4B, B4C, and B4D.1.4 The following referenced general requirements are in-dispensable for ap
6、plication of this specification: SpecificationA962/A962M.1.5 Supplementary requirements are provided for use at theoption of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shallapply only when specified individually by the purchaser in thepurchase order or contract.1.6 This specification is expressed
7、 in both inch-pound unitsand in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contractspecifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units),the inch-pound units shall apply.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the t
8、ext, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A962/A9
9、62M Specification for Common Requirements forBolting Intended for Use at Any Temperature from Cryo-genic to the Creep RangeE292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture NotchTension Tests of MaterialsE112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size3. Ordering Information3.1 It shall be the r
10、esponsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements necessary for product under this specification.Such requirements to be considered include, but are not limitedto, the following:3.1.1 Specification designation, grade, issue date, and revi-sion letter,3.1.2 Quantity (weight or number of piece
11、s),3.1.3 Description (bars, bolts, nuts, etc.),3.1.4 Dimensions,3.1.5 Finish, and3.1.6 Impact testing of nuts, if required (see Section 8).4. Common Requirements4.1 Bolting materials and bolting components supplied tothis specification shall conform to the requirements of Speci-fication A962/A962M.
12、These requirements include testmethods, finish, thread dimensions, macroetch (Grade B4Donly), marking, certification, optional supplementaryrequirements, and others. Failure to comply with the require-ments of Specification A962/A962M constitutes nonconfor-mance with this specification. In case of c
13、onflict between thisspecification and Specification A962/A962M, this specificationshall prevail.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fitting
14、s for Piping Applications and BoltingMaterials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as A437/A437M12.DOI: 10.1520/A0437_A0437M-15.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Ves
15、sel Code applications see related Specifi-cation SA-437 in Section II of that code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
16、ge onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Heat Treatment5.1 Grades B4B and B4C shall be heated to a temperaturerange of 1875 to 1925 F 102
17、5 to 1050 C and liquidquenched to below 600 F 316 C. The material Grades B4Band B4C shall then be uniformly reheated for tempering at atempering temperature at least 100 F 55 C higher than theproposed operating temperature but not less than 1150 F 620C, then air or furnace cooled to room temperature
18、. Thematerial shall be at the tempering temperature for a minimumof 2 h. Double tempering may be used to enhance properties.5.2 Grade B4D shall be heated to a temperature range of1700 to 1750 F 925 to 954 C and oil quenched. Thematerial shall then be uniformly reheated or tempered at atemperature of
19、 1200 F 650 C minimum, followed by air orfurnace cooling to room temperature.5.3 Stress relieving treatment of the bar material is requiredafter any stretcher, roller, or rotary-straightening or cold-finishing operations performed after heat treatment for me-chanical properties. Local gagging or pre
20、ss straightening tocorrect camber limitations in excess of14 in. in any 5 ft 6 mmin any 1.5 m shall be followed by a stress relieving heattreatment. The minimum stress relieving temperature shall be100 F 55 C below the minimum tempering temperature asshown in 5.1 for Grades B4B and B4C or in 5.2 for
21、 GradeB4D.6. Chemical Composition6.1 Bolting material shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition specified in Table 1.7. Tensile Requirements7.1 Bolting material shall conform to the requirements as totensile properties prescribed in Table 2 at room temperatureafter heat treatment.7
22、.2 The longitudinal axis of the test specimen shall beparallel to the direction of rolling.8. Impact Requirements8.1 Grades B4B, B4C, and B4D shall conform to therequirements as to impact properties prescribed in Table 3 atroom temperature after heat treatment.9. Hardness Tests9.1 Grades B4B, B4C, a
23、nd B4D shall conform to therequirements as to hardness as prescribed in Table 4 and Table5 at room temperature after heat treatment.10. Nuts10.1 When specified by the purchaser, nuts shall be subjectto the impact and tension requirements of this specification.The tests shall be made on test specimen
24、s taken from the bar orplate used in the manufacture of the nuts.11. Threads11.1 All threads shall be formed after heat treatment.12. Nondestructive Inspection12.1 Each bar or forged blank of starting material shall besubjected to NDE following final heat treatment. The methodused shall be either th
25、e Eddy Current (EC), the MagneticParticle (MPI) (wet or dry), the Liquid Penetrant (LPI), theUltrasonic (UT), or the Visual Testing (VT), at the option of theproducer. For LPI or MPI, linear indications (those indicationslonger than116 in. 1.5 mm with a length greater than threetimes their width) ar
26、e unacceptable. For UT or ET, reject levelsfor linear indications shall be based on the alarm response froma surface notch with a maximum depth of 0.012 in. 0.30 mmin a calibration bar. Product being subjected to VT shall bepickled prior to inspection. VT indications longer than18 in.3.2 mm are proh
27、ibited.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElement Grades B4B, B4CBGrade B4DRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderRange, % ProductVariation, %,Over orUnderCarbon 0.200.25 0.02 0.360.44 0.02Manganese 0.501.00 0.03 0.450.70 0.03Phosphorus, max 0.025 0.005 over 0.04 0.005 overSulfur, max 0.025 0.005 over
28、0.04 0.005 overSilicon 0.200.50 0.05 0.200.35 0.02Nickel 0.501.00 0.03 . .Chromium 11.012.5 0.15 0.801.15 0.05Molybdenum 0.901.25 0.05 0.500.65 0.03Vanadium 0.200.30 0.03 0.250.35 0.03Tungsten 0.901.25 0.05 . .Aluminum, maxC0.05 . 0.015 .Titanium, max 0.05 . . .Tin, max 0.04 . . .ASteel to which lea
29、d has been added shall not be used.BUNS S42200.CTotal, Soluble + InsolubleTABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsGrade Diameter, in. mm TensileStrength,min, ksiMPaYieldStrength(0.2 %offset) min,ksi MPaElongationin 2 in. or50 mm,min, %Reductionof Area,min, %B4B . 145 1000 105 720 13 30B4C . 115 790 85 585 18 50
30、B4D 212 65 and under 125 105 18 50860 720over 212 to465to1001107609565517 45over 4 to 7 100 to1801006908558516 45TABLE 3 Impact RequirementsGrade Minimum Impact Value, ftlbf JB4B 10 14B4C 25 34B4DA25 34AFor bars over 5-in. 127-mm diameter only.A437/A437M 15213. Certification13.1 Certification is req
31、uired. See Specification A962/A962M.14. Product Marking14.1 Use the grade symbol shown in Table 4. See Specifi-cation A962/A962M.15. Keywords15.1 boltssteel; chromium alloy steel; boltingcomponentssteel; marking on bolting components; nutssteel; stainless steel; steel barsalloy; steel bolting materi
32、al;temperature service applicationshigh; turbine materialsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSOne or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified bythe purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order; in which event the specified tests shall be made beforeshipment of the
33、product.S1. Non-Destructive ExaminationS1.1 NDE is required following all machining and thread-ing. The acceptance criteria of 12.1 shall apply.S2. Stress Rupture TestingGrade B4BS2.1 Stress rupture testing shall be conducted at 1200 F650 C and 26 000 psi 180 MPa using a combination testbar in accor
34、dance with Test Methods E292. Rupture shall occurin the smooth section of each test specimen. The test may bediscontinued after 25 h provided the certification so notes.Stress rupture testing is not required on bars less than12 in.12.7 mm in diameter or thickness.S3. Grain SizeGrades B4B and B4CS3.1
35、 The average grain size shall be 4 or finer. Themaximum size of individual grains, distributed at random, shallbe a 2. When the average grain size is 5 or finer, only theaverage size need be reported. Grain size determination shallbe performed in accordance with Test Methods E112.SUMMARY OF CHANGESC
36、ommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A437/A437M12, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved November 1, 2015)(1) Removed the word “fasteners” and replaced it with “boltingcomponents” in accordance with the definition
37、of bolting inSpecification A962/A962M in 15.(2) Expanded the words “material” or “bolting” to be specificas to context whether they are bolting materials or boltingcomponents in 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, and 7.1.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in
38、connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the res
39、ponsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive caref
40、ul consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International
41、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the AS
42、TM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 4 Hardness Requirements for Bolts and StudsGrade Brinell Hardness Number,maxB4B 331B4C 277B4D 302TABLE 5 Hardness Requirements for Nuts and WashersGrade Brinell HardnessNumberRockwellHardnessNumberB4B 293341 C 3137B4C 229277 C 2129B4D 263311 C 2733A437/A437M 153
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