1、Designation: A 451/A 451M 06Standard Specification forCentrifugally Cast Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 451/A 451M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2covers austenitic alloy steel pipe foruse in high-temperature, corrosive, or n
3、uclear pressure service.1.2 Several grades of austenitic stainless steel are covered asindicated in Table 1.1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are providedwhen additional testing may be required.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI unitsare to be regarded separately as standar
4、d. Within the text, theSI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in eachsystem are not exactly equivalents; therefore, each system mustbe used independently of each other. Combining values fromthe two systems may result in nonconformance with thespecification.NOTE 1This specification is not
5、intended to cover centrifugal pipemade from alloys containing more than 0.20 % carbon, such as arecovered by Specification A 297.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A 297/A 297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, forGeneral ApplicationA 3
6、70 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel ProductsA 999/A 999M Specification for General Requirements forAlloy and Stainless Steel PipeE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE 165 Te
7、st Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. 51 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE 280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to12-in. 114 to 305-mm) Steel CastingsE 446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.51 mm in Thickness2.2 ANS
8、I Standard:B46.1 Surface Texture43. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for material to this specification shall include thefollowing, as required, to describe the desired material ad-equately:3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),3.1.2 Name of material (centrifugally cast pipe),3.1.3 Grade
9、 (Table 1),3.1.4 Size (outside or inside diameter and minimum wallthickness in inches or millimetres),3.1.5 Length (specific or random, Specification A 999/A 999M),3.1.6 End Finish of Specification A 999/A 999M,3.1.7 Optional Requirements (9.4 and Supplementary Re-quirements S1 through S7),3.1.8 Tes
10、t Report Required (Section 14), and3.1.9 Special Requirements or Additions to Specification.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Heat-TreatmentThe pipe shall receive a heat-treatment at the temperature and time specified in Table 2,followed by a quench in water or rapid cool by other means.4.2 MachiningT
11、he pipe shall be machined on the innerand outer surfaces to a roughness value no greater than250-in. 6.35-m arithmetical average deviation (AA) fromthe mean line, as defined in American National StandardB46.1.5. Chemical Analysis5.1 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be madeby the manufactu
12、rer to determine the percentages of elementsspecified in Table 1. The analysis shall be made on a testsample taken preferably during the pouring of the heat. The1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsi
13、bility of SubcommitteeA01.18 on Castings.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A 451/A 451M 02.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related specifica-tion SA-451 in Section II of t
14、hat Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institut
15、e (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.chemical composition thus determined shall conform to therequire
16、ments specified in Table 1.5.2 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made bythe purchaser. The sample for analysis shall be selected so as tobe thoroughly representative of the pipe being analyzed. Thechemical composition thus determined shall conform to therequirements specified in Table 1.5.3
17、To determine conformance with the chemical analysisrequirements, an observed value or calculated value shall berounded in accordance with Practice E29to the nearest unit inthe last right-hand place of values listed in Table 1.6. Tensile Requirements6.1 Test Specimens:6.1.1 Test specimens shall be pr
18、epared in accordance withTest Methods and Definitions A 370. Test bars shall be pouredin special blocks from the same heat as the castings repre-sented. Test bars shall be supplied in sufficient number tofurnish all specimens required in 6.2 and 6.3 (see Table 3).6.1.2 Test specimens may be cut from
19、 heat-treated castingsinstead of from test bars when agreed upon between themanufacturer and the purchaser.6.1.3 Tension test specimens shall be machined to the formand dimensions of the standard round 2-in. 50-mm gagelength specimens shown in Fig. 6 of Test Methods andDefinitions A 370.6.2 Number o
20、f Tests:6.2.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat. The barfrom which the test specimen is taken shall be heat-treated inthe same manner as the castings represented.6.2.2 If a specimen is machined improperly or flaws arerevealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may bediscarded a
21、nd another substituted from the same heat.6.3 RetestsIf the results of the mechanical tests for anyheat do not conform to the requirements specified, the castingsmay be reheat-treated and retested, but may not be solution-treated more than twice.7. Hydrostatic Test7.1 Each length of pipe shall be hy
22、drostatically tested inaccordance with Specification A 999/A 999M.7.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to performthe hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser maywish to defer testing until additional work has been performedon the casting. In such cases, the foundry is r
23、esponsible for thesatisfactory performance of the casting when it is tested.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsComposition, %GradeCar-bon,maxMan-ga-nese,maxPhos-pho-rus,maxSul-fur,maxSili-con,maxNickel ChromiumMolybde-numColumbiumTan-ta-lum,maxNitrogenCPF3 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.012.0 17.021.0 . . .
24、 .CPF3A 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.012.0 17.021.0 . . . .CPF8 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.011.0 18.021.0 . . . .CPF8A 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 8.011.0 18.021.0 . . . .CPF3M 0.03 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.013.0 17.021.0 2.03.0 . . .CPF8M 0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 9.012.0 18.021.0 2.03.0 . . .CPF1
25、0MCA0.10 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 13.016.0 15.018.0 1.752.25 1.2 max, 10 3 C min . .CPF8CA0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.012.0 18.021.0 . 1 max, 8 3 C min . .CPF8C(Ta max)B0.08 1.50 0.040 0.040 2.00 9.012.0 18.021.0 . 1 max, 8 3 C min 0.10 .CPH8CPH20 or CPH100.080.20C1.501.500.0400.0400.0400.0401.502.001
26、2.015.012.015.022.026.022.026.0.CPK20 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.75 19.022.0 23.027.0 . . . .CPE20N 0.20 1.50 0.040 0.040 1.50 8.011.0 23.026.0 . . . 0.080.20AGrades CPF10MC and CPF8C may have a columbium plus tantalum content maximum of 1.35 %.BNo designation as yet assigned by ASTM International or S
27、teel Founders Society of America.CBy agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser, the carbon content of Grade CPH20 may be restricted to 0.10 % max. When so agreed, the gradedesignation shall be CPH10.TABLE 2 Heat-Treatment RequirementsGradeTemperature, min Hold Time,h/in. ofThicknessF CCPF
28、3, CPF3A, CPF8, CPF8A, CPF3M,CPF8M1900 1040 1CPF10MC, CPF8C, CPF8C (Ta max) 1950 1065 2CPH8, CPH10, CPH20, CPK20 2100 1150 1CPE20N 2225 1220 1TABLE 3 Tensile RequirementsGradeTensileStrength,min, ksi MPaYieldStrength,min, ksiMPaElongationin2in.or 50 mm,minCPF3 70 485 30 205 35CPF3AA77 535 35 240 35C
29、PF3M 70 485 30 205 30CPF8 70 485 30 205 35CPF8AA77 535 35 240 35CPF8M 70 485 30 205 30CPF10MC 70 485 30 205 20CPH10 70 485 30 205 30CPF8C (Ta max), CPF8C 70 485 30 205 30CPH8 65 448 28 195 30CPK20 65 448 28 195 30CPH20 70 485 30 205 30CPE20N 80 550 40 275 30AThe properties shown are obtained by adju
30、sting the composition within thelimits shown in Table 1 to obtain a ferrite-austenite ratio that will result in the higherultimate and yield strengths indicated. A lowering of impact values may develop inthese materials when exposed to service temperature above 800F 425C.A 451/A 451M 0628. Quality8.
31、1 The surface of the casting shall be examined visuallyand shall be free from cracks and hot tears. Other surfacedefects shall be judged in accordance with visual acceptancecriteria which may be specified in the order.9. Rework and Retreatment9.1 Defects as defined in Section 8 shall be removed andt
32、heir removal verified by visual inspection of the resultantcavities. Defects which are located by inspecting with Supple-mentary Requirement S6 or S7, or both, shall be removed orreduced to an acceptable size.9.2 If removal of the defect does not infringe upon theminimum wall thickness, the depressi
33、on may be blendeduniformly into the surrounding surface.9.3 If the cavity resulting from defect removal infringesupon the minimum wall thickness, weld repair is permittedsubject to the purchasers approval. The composition of theweld rod used shall be suitable for the composition of the metalbeing we
34、lded.9.3.1 Only operators and procedures qualified in accordancewith ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX, shallbe used. All repair welds will be inspected to the same qualitystandards used to inspect the casting.9.4 Postweld heat-treatment of the repaired casting is nei-ther required no
35、r prohibited.10. Permissible Variations in Dimensions10.1 ThicknessThe wall thickness shall not vary over thatspecified by more than18 in. (3 mm). There shall be novariation under the specified wall thickness.11. General Requirements11.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con-form to
36、the applicable requirements of the current edition ofSpecification A 999/A 999M, unless otherwise providedherein.12. Rejection12.1 Each length of pipe received from the manufacturermay be inspected by the purchaser and, if it does not meet therequirements of the specification based on the inspection
37、 andtest method as outlined in the specification, the pipe may berejected and the manufacturer shall be notified. Disposition ofrejected pipe shall be a matter of agreement between themanufacturer and the purchaser.13. Rehearing13.1 Samples that represent rejected material shall be pre-served for 2
38、weeks from the date of transmission of the testreport. In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the tests, themanufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.14. Certification14.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturers certification that the materia
39、l was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specification, togetherwith a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the timeof shipment.15. Product Marking15.1 Each length of pipe shall be legibly marked with themanufacturers name or brand, the letters ASTM, the specifi-cation num
40、ber, and grade. In addition, heat numbers, or serialnumbers that are traceable to heat numbers, shall be marked oneach length of pipe.16. Keywords16.1 austenitic; centrifugally cast; height; high-temperatureservice; stainless steel; steel castingsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSSupplementary requirements
41、shall be applied only when specified by the purchaser. Details of thesupplementary requirements shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The specifiedtests shall be performed by the manufacturer prior to shipment of the castings.S1. Additional Tension TestsS1.1 Additional tension test
42、s shall be made at a temperatureto be specified by the customer, and the properties to be met area matter of agreement between purchaser and manufacturer.S2. Flattening TestS2.1 The flattening test shall be made on specimens fromone or both ends of each length of pipe. If the specimen fromany end of
43、 any length fails to conform to the requirements ofSpecification A 999/A 999M, that length shall be rejected.S3. PhotomicrographsS3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish one photomicrographat 100 diameters from one specimen of as-finished pipe fromeach heat in each heat-treatment lot. Such photomicrograp
44、hsshall be suitably identified as to pipe size, wall thickness, andheat. Such photomicrographs are for information only, to showthe actual metal structure of the pipe as furnished. No photo-micrographs for the individual pieces purchased shall berequired except as specified in Supplementary Requirem
45、ent S4.A 451/A 451M 063S4. Photomicrographs for Individual PiecesS4.1 The manufacturer shall furnish photomicrographs fromone or both ends of each pipe. All photomicrographs requiredshall be properly identified as to heat number, size, and wallthickness of pipe from which the section was taken. Phot
46、omi-crographs shall be further identified to permit association ofeach photomicrograph with the individual length of pipe itrepresents.S5. Metal Structure and Etching TestsS5.1 Etching tests (Note S1) shall be made on transversesections from the pipe and shall reveal the macrostructure ofthe materia
47、l. Such tests are for information only.NOTE S1Pending development of etching methods applicable to theproduct covered by this specification, it is recommended that the Recom-mended Practice for a Standard Macroetch Test for Routine Inspection ofIron and Steel be followed.5S6. Radiographic Examinatio
48、nS6.1 The castings shall be examined for internal defects bymeans of X rays or gamma rays. The inspection procedure shallbe in accordance with Guide E94and the types and degrees ofdiscontinuities considered shall be judged by Reference Radio-graphs E 446, E 186, or E 280. The extent of examination a
49、ndthe basis for acceptance shall be subject to agreement betweenthe manufacturer and the purchaser.S7. Liquid Penetrant ExaminationS7.1 The castings shall be examined for surface disconti-nuities by means of liquid penetrant inspection. The method ofperforming the liquid penetrant test shall be in accordance withTest Method E 165. The areas to be inspected, the methods andtypes of liquid penetrants to be used, the developing procedure,and the basis for accepta
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