1、Designation: A476/A476M 00 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forDuctile Iron Castings for Paper Mill Dryer Rolls1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation A476/A476M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers ductile iron castings for use inpressure containing paper mill dryer rolls at
3、temperatures up to450F 230C.1.2 No precise quantitative relationship can be stated be-tween the properties of the iron in various locations of the samecasting or between the properties of a casting and those of a testspecimen cast from the same iron (see Appendix X1).1.3 The values stated in either
4、SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3.1 ExceptionWith
5、in the text, the SI units are shown inbrackets.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A644 Terminology Relating to Iron CastingsE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic MaterialsE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE446 Reference
6、Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.(50.8 mm) in Thickness3. Terminology3.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings arefound in Terminology A644.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders for material purchased to the requirements of thisspecification should include the following information
7、:4.1.1 Quantity,4.1.2 Specification number and date of issue,4.1.3 Description of casting by pattern number or drawing,4.1.4 Heat treatment, if required (see 5.1),4.1.5 Type of test coupon (see 9.2),4.1.6 Certification, if required (see 13.1),4.1.7 Marking location (see 14.1), and4.1.8 Additional re
8、quirements.5. Heat Treatment5.1 The castings may be stress relieved at a temperature notto exceed 1200F 650C.6. Chemical Requirements6.1 The castings shall conform to the following chemicalrequirements:Total carbon, min, % 3.0Silicon, max, % 3.0Phosphorus, max, % 0.08Sulfur, max, % 0.056.2 The casti
9、ngs shall have a carbon equivalent of 3.8 to 4.5inclusive.NOTE 1The carbon content equivalent is calculated as follows:Total carbon + 0.3 (silicon + phosphorus)6.3 The chemical analysis for total carbon shall be made oneither chilled cast pencil-type specimens or on thin wafersapproximately132 in. 0
10、.8 mm thick, cut from test coupons.Drillings shall not be used due to attendant loss of graphite.7. Mechanical Properties7.1 The iron represented by test coupons shall conform totensile requirements prescribed in Table 1.7.2 The yield strength prescribed in Table 1 may be deter-mined by any of the a
11、pproved procedures described in 7.3 ofTest Methods E8.7.3 The Brinell hardness of the material shall be a minimumof 201 HB. Hardness tests shall be conducted in accordancewith Test Method E10, using a 3000-kgf load. The test may bemade on either the casting or on a test coupon representing thecastin
12、g.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions on thedrawings furnished by the purchaser, or if no drawing has been1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on IronCastings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on
13、Malleable andDuctile Iron Castings.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published April 2014. Originallyapproved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as A476/A476M - 00(2009). DOI: 10.1520/A0476_A0476M-00R14.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Applications see related Specifi-cat
14、ions SA-467 in Section II of that Code.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Interna
15、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1provided, to the dimensions predicated by the pattern suppliedby the purchaser. Surfaces of the castings shall be free ofadhering sand. Runners, risers, fins, and other extraneous metalshall be removed.9. Sam
16、pling9.1 Test coupons shall be poured from the same iron as thecastings represented.9.2 Test coupons shall be cast either to the “Y” block sizeand shape shown in Fig. 1 or to the dimensions of the 1-in.25-mm keel block shown in Fig. 2. The type of test couponand, when selected, the size of the “Y” b
17、lock shall be specifiedby the purchaser.9.3 The test coupons shall be cast in open molds made ofsuitable core sand with a minimum 112 in. 38 mm of sand forthe 1-in. 25 mm size and 3 in. 75 mm of sand for the 3-in.75-mm size. The coupons shall be left in the mold until black.9.4 Table 2 shows the equ
18、ivalent geometrical shapes withvarious dimensions and the equivalent “Y” block, based oncooling rates, and may be used as a guide for selection of theproper “Y” block to be specified to represent the casting.9.5 When the castings are heat treated, the test coupons shallbe heat treated with the casti
19、ngs they represent.10. Tension Test10.1 Tension test specimens shall be obtained from testcoupons shown in either Fig. 1 or Fig. 2, and machined to thedimensions shown in Fig. 3. Test coupons cast as “Y” blocks(Fig. 1) shall be sectioned as shown in Fig. 4.10.2 One tension test shall be performed fo
20、r each casting.10.3 If any specimen shows defective machining or flaws, itmay be discarded and another substituted from the samecasting represented.TABLE 1 Tensile RequirementsTest Coupon Section Thickness 1 in. 25 mm 3 in. 75 mmTensile strength, min, ksi MPa 80 555 80 555Yield strength, min, ksi MP
21、a 60 415 60 415Elongation in 2 in. 50 mm, min, % 3.0 3.0 1.0 1.0Dimensions“Y” Block SizeFor Castings of Thickness12 in. to 112 in.12.5-40 mmFor Castings of Thicknessof 112 in. 40 mm andOverin. mm in. mmA 1 25 3 75B118 55 5 125C 3 75 4 100D 6 150 8 200E 7 175 7 175approx approxFIG. 1 “Y” Blocks for T
22、est CouponsNOTE 1The length of keel block shall be 6 in. 150 mm.FIG. 2 Keel Block for Test CouponsTABLE 2 Equivalent Geometric Shapes Corresponding to “Y”Blocks“Y” BlockSize, in. mmInfinite PlateThickness,in. mmRound Diameter,in. mmCube Edge,in. mm1 25 0.9 22.5 1.75 44 2.75 443 75 1.6 40 3.1 78 4.8
23、120NOTE 1The gage length and fillets shall be as shown, but the endsmay be of any shape to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a waythat the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taperfrom the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in.0.08-0.13 mm lar
24、ger in diameter than the center.FIG. 3 Standard Round Tension Test Specimen with 2-in. 50-mmGage LengthA476/A476M 00 (2014)210.4 If an apparently sound test specimen fails to conformto the tensile requirements, two retests may be made. If eitherretest fails to conform to the requirements specified,
25、thecastings shall be rejected.11. Repairs11.1 Castings made to this specification that leak on subse-quent hydrostatic testing may be repaired by using threadedplugs provided the following requirements are met.11.1.1 No welding or brazing shall be permitted.11.1.2 The diameter of the plug shall not
26、exceed thediameter of a standard 2-in. ISO R2 iron pipe size pipe plug.11.1.3 The plugs, where practical, shall conform in alldimensions to the standard iron pipe size pipe plugs. Inaddition, they shall have full thread engagement correspondingto the thickness of the repaired section. Where a tapere
27、d plugis impractical because of the excess wall thickness in terms ofplug diameter and coincident thread engagement, other typesof plugs may be used provided both full thread engagement andeffective sealing against pressure are obtained. Where possiblethe ends of the plugs should be ground smooth af
28、ter installationto conform to the inside and outside contours of the cylinder.11.1.4 The material from which the plug is manufacturedshall conform in all respects to this specification.11.1.5 The area adjacent to the drilled hole should beexamined radiographically in accordance with Guide E94. Thear
29、ea examined shall meet the requirements of Severity Level 3of Reference Radiographs E446.11.1.6 The thickness of any repaired section in relation tothe size of plug used shall be not less than that given in Table3.11.1.7 The minimum radius of curvature of the repairedsection of the cylinder in relat
30、ion to the size of plug used shallbe not less than that given in Table 4.11.1.8 A repaired area may consist of a maximum of threeplugs with a spacing such that the distance between adjacentplugs shall not be less than those listed in Table 5. Adjacentareas of repair, in which each contains more than
31、 one plug,shall be separated by at least twice the distance required inTable 5 for the two nearest plugs separating the two areas.11.2 Surface imperfections not exceeding 20 % of the thick-ness of the section and other minor defects may be repaired byplugging provided the diameter of the plug does n
32、ot exceed itslength.12. Inspection12.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the material isbeing produced and furnished in accordance with this specifi-cation. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall not interfereunnecessarily wi
33、th the manufacturers operations. All tests andinspections shall be made at the place of manufacture unlessotherwise agreed.13. Certification13.1 When specified in the order, the manufacturers certi-fication shall be furnished stating that the material was(a) 1-in. 25-mm “Y” BlockTwo blanks for 0.50-
34、in.12.5 mm diameter tension test specimens.(b) 3-in. 75 mm “Y” BlockFour blanks for 0.50-in.12.5-mm diameter tension test specimens.FIG. 4 Sectioning Procedure for “Y” BlocksTABLE 3 Minimum Thickness of Repaired SectionsIron Pipe Size Plug, in.ISO Pipe Plug SizeMinimum SectionThickness, in. mm18 R18
35、 1132 814 R14 716 1038 R38 12 1312 R12 2132 1734 R34 34 191R11316 21114 R 114 78 23112 R 112 1516 242R2 126TABLE 4 Minimum Radius of Repaired SectionsIron Pipe Size Plug,in. ISO Pipe Plug SizeMinimum Radiusof Curvature,in. mm18 R18 916 1514 R14 1116 1838 R38 1116 2812 R1214 3234 R34 2 521R1 212 6411
36、4 R 114 4 104112 R 112 514 1362R2 818 208A476/A476M 00 (2014)3manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordancewith the requirements of this specification and was found tomeet the requirements. In addition to the certification, a testreport shall be furnished showing the results of all test
37、sperformed.14. Product Marking14.1 Castings made in accordance with this specificationshall have the name of the manufacturer or his recognized trademark and this specification number cast on or indeliblystamped on a surface designated by the purchaser.APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. MECHANICA
38、L PROPERTIES OF CASTINGSX1.1 The mechanical properties of iron castings are influ-enced by the cooling rate during and after solidification, bychemical composition, by heat treatment, by the design of thecasting, by the design and nature of the mold, by the locationand effectiveness of gates and ris
39、ers, and by certain otherfactors.X1.2 The cooling rate in the mold and, therefore, theproperties developed in any particular section are influenced bythe presence of cores, chills and chaplets, changes in sectionthickness, and the existence of bosses, projections, andintersections, such as junctions
40、 of ribs and bosses. Because ofthe complexity of the interactions of these factors, no precisequantitative relationship can be stated between the propertiesof the iron in various locations of the same casting or betweenthe properties of a casting and those of a test specimen castfrom the same iron.
41、When such a relationship is important andmust be known for a specific application, it may be moreclosely ascertained by appropriate experimentation.X1.3 When reliable information is unavailable on the rela-tionship between properties in a casting and those in aseparately cast test specimen, and wher
42、e experimentationwould be unfeasible, the size of the test casting should be soselected as to approximate the thickness of the main orcontrolling section of the casting.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin
43、this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must
44、 be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of ther
45、esponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
46、 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission
47、rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 5 Minimum Distance Between Plug Centers(Based on Ligament Efficiency of 80 %)AAdjacent PlugDiameters, in.ISO Pipe PlugSizeMinimum Distance Between Plug Centers, in. mm18 R18 ,14 R14 ,38 R38 12
48、R12 ,34 R34 1R1,114 R 114 112 R 112 ,2R218 R18 ,14R14 ,38 R38258 67 418 105 658 169 912 24212 R12 ,34R34 418 105 418 105 658 169 912 2421R1,114R 114 658 169 658 169 658 169 912 242112 R 112 ,2R2912 242 912 242 912 242 912 242AExampleAssume three plugs are required for repair, one18 in. R18 , one38in. R38 , and one 112 in. The minimum distance permitted is as follows.Ligament distance between18 R18 and38-in. R38 plugs=258 in. 67 mmLigament distance between18 R18 and 112-in. R 112 plugs =
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