ASTM A504 A504M-2008 Standard Specification for Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels《锻制碳素钢轮的标准规范》.pdf

1、Designation: A 504/A 504M 08Standard Specification forWrought Carbon Steel Wheels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 504/A 504M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number

2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers one-wear, two-wear, andmultiple-wear wrought carbon steel wheels for locomotivesand cars, designated Classes L, A

3、, B, and C, heat-treated,wheels.1.2 The service for which the various classes are intended isas follows:1.2.1 Class B or C wheels shall be used for freight cars ininterchange service.1.2.2 Class B or C wheels are recommended for use onlocomotives.1.2.3 For passenger car service, the various classes

4、areintended generally as follows:1.2.3.1 Class LHigh speed with more severe brakingconditions than other classes and light wheel loads.1.2.3.2 Class AHigh speed with more severe brakingconditions, but moderate wheel loads.1.2.3.3 Class BHigh speed service with severe brakingconditions and heavier wh

5、eel loads.1.2.3.4 Class C(1) Service with light braking conditionsand heavier wheel loads.1.2.3.5 Class C(2) Service with heavier braking condi-tions where off-tread brakes are employed.1.3 The use of two-wear wheels is recommended for freightcar service.1.4 Supplementary requirements included in Sp

6、ecificationA 788/A 788M may be specified by the purchaser for forgingsordered to this specification.1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI(metric) units are to be regarded separately as the standard.Within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets.The values stated in e

7、ach system are not exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the specification.1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-tion designation, the material shall be furnished

8、 to the inch-pound units1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prio

9、r to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 275/A 275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examinationof Steel ForgingsA 388/A 388M Practice for Ultrasonic Examination ofHeavy Steel ForgingsA 788/A 788M Specification for Steel Forgings, GeneralRequirements2.2 SAE Documents:3SAE J 442 Test Strip

10、, Holder and Gage for Shot PeeningSAE J 443 Recommended Practice for Procedures forUsing Standard Shot Peening Test StripSAE J 827 Recommended Practice for Cast Steel Shot2.3 Military Standard:MIL-S-13165B Shot Peening of Metal Parts42.4 AAR Standard:AAR M-107/M-208 Wheels, Carbon Steel53. Terminolo

11、gy3.1 Definitions: (The following terminology is unique to theRail Road industry)3.1.1 multi-wear wheel, nwheel that has sufficient metalin the rim for more than two turnings before it must bereplaced.3.1.2 one wear wheel, nwheel that has only sufficientmetal for the tread to be worn once to condemn

12、able wornhollow condition.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThere is insufficient metal remaining inthe rim to allow turning or truing of the wheel by machining to1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subco

13、mmitteeA01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1964 to replaceA 57 andA 186. Last previous edition approved in 2007as A 504/A 504M 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM

14、Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.4Available from Standardization Documents O

15、rder Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available fromAssociation ofAmerican Railroads, 50 “F” St., Washington, DC20001.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700

16、, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the standard tread contour and still have enough metal in therim to support service loads. Wear refers to the amount of metalon the wheel rim when new.3.1.3 tape size, nrail road method of expressing wheelcircumference based on measurement with a ste

17、el tape placedaround the tread at the taping line.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFor each wheel size there is a cali-brated tape. Tape size is expressed as the number of one-eighthincrements from the standard tape for the wheel being mea-sured. An AAR approved tape has four lugs to correctly spacethe tape from t

18、he rim so that the tape will measure on the tapingline.3.1.4 two-wear wheel, nwheel that has more metal in therim than a one-wear wheel so that the tread can be worn tocondemnable hollow condition and then be restored by ma-chining to the original tread contour. Thus, two tread wear livesare obtaine

19、d from this wheel.4. Ordering Information and General Requirements4.1 Material supplied to this specification shall conform tothe requirements of Specification A 788/A 788M, which out-lines basic ordering information, manufacturing requirements,testing and retesting methods, marking, certification,

20、productanalysis variations, and additional supplementary require-ments.4.1.1 If the requirements of this specification are in conflictwith the requirements of Specification A 788/A 788M, therequirements of this specification shall prevail.4.2 Orders for wheels under this specification shall includet

21、he following additional information as appropriate:4.2.1 Class (see Table 1),4.2.2 Full identification of wheel design, including tread andflange contour, and dimensional drawing if required,4.2.3 Rough bore size,4.2.4 Wear category,4.2.5 Alternate magnetic particle acceptance criteria(15.2.3.2),4.2

22、.6 Intended service (see Section 1), and4.2.7 Supplementary requirements from SpecificationA 788/A 788M if required.5. Chemical Requirements5.1 Heat Analysis5.1.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemi-cal composition shown in Table 1.6. Manufacture6.1 DiscardSufficient discard shall

23、be made from eachingot to ensure freedom from piping and undue segregation.6.2 TemperaturesDuring the manufacture, necessary carein the regulation of temperature gradients shall be exercised toobtain the mechanical properties to be expected from thechemical composition and mechanical work. Immediate

24、ly afterthe last hot fabricating operation (coning or dishing), all wheelsshall be allowed to cool to a temperature below the criticalrange. The cooling shall be controlled to prevent injury by toorapid cooling.7. Heat Treatment7.1 Heat treatment shall consist of treatment of the rim only.7.2 Rim-Qu

25、enching TreatmentThe wheels shall be re-heated uniformly to the proper temperature to refine the grainand then the rims shall be quenched. Following quenching, thewheels shall be charged into a furnace for tempering to meetthe requirements of Section 13, and subsequently cooled undercontrolled condi

26、tions.8. Shot Peening8.1 ScopeThe plate surfaces (area between the hub andrim) of all wheels shall be shot-peened in accordance with thefollowing requirements:8.2 Requirements:8.2.1 ShotThe shot shall be No. 550 or larger hardenedsteel as specified in SAE J 827.8.2.2 Shot Size ControlThe peening mac

27、hines shall beequipped with a separator for continuously removing brokenshot. Sufficient new shot shall be added to ensure that aminimum of 85 % of No. 550 or larger shot is maintained in themachines at all times.8.2.3 Peening IntensityThe peening intensity shall besufficient to produce an average a

28、rc height of not less than0.008 Almen C-2 on the front plate near the hub fillet and onthe back plate near the rim fillet of wheels of the standarddesign, and at back plate hub fillet and front plate rim fillet ofthe reverse plate design. The area to be peened is defined as theTABLE 1 Chemical Requi

29、rementsElement % Class L Class A Class B Class CCarbon 0.47 max 0.47 0.57 0.57 0.67 0.67 0.77Manganese 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90 0.60 0.90Phosphorous, max 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030Sulfur 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040 0.005 0.040Silicon 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00 0.15 1.00Nickel, maxA0.25

30、0.25 0.25 0.25Chromium, maxA0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Molybdenum, maxA0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Vanadium, maxA0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040Copper, max 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35Aluminum, max 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060Titanium, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03Columbium, max (Niobium) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05AThe manufacturer may exceed the not

31、ed maximum limits for nickel, chromium, molybdenum, or vanadium provided that the following relationship (AAR M-107/M-208)is met:930 570 3 %C 80 3 %Mn 50 3 %Cr 30 3 %Ni 20 3%Mo1 %V!# . 390A 504/A 504M 082plate area extended approximately one half of the way into thehub and rim fillet radii on the fr

32、ont and on the back of thewheel.8.2.4 Arc Height MeasurementMeasurements of archeight shall be made in accordance with SAE J 442 or SAE J443.8.2.5 CoverageThe minimum peening time shall be suf-ficient to ensure that full coverage is attained on the Almen Cstrip as defined in the Alternate Procedure

33、of SAE J 443,orMIL-S-13165B, Paragraph 6.11.8.2.6 SequenceShot peening shall be performed on allwheels and after any corrective surface preparation in the platearea and after completion of required non destructive exami-nations. Plate area is defined in 8.2.3. Peening may beperformed prior to dimens

34、ional inspection.8.2.7 Portable PeenersA portable peening device may beused to re-peen small reconditioned areas (no larger than about2 by 3 in. 50 by 75 mm) on wheel plate surfaces excludingthe critical fillet areas (front hub and back rim). The portableequipment must be capable of peening an Almen

35、 C-2 Strip todevelop the required average arc height of not less than 0.008in. 0.203 mm with a reasonable time of peening. Peeningtime of wheel plates must be at least as long as the timerequired to develop the 0.008-in. arc height. The equipmentmust be tested on an Almen C Strip each 8-h shift that

36、 theportable peener is used. A record of the Almen C test resultsshall be maintained.8.3 Quality Assurance Provisions:8.3.1 Wheel Surface ConditionThe peened appearance ofrim and hub shall not be cause for rejection.8.3.2 Frequency of TestArc height determinations shall bemade on Almen strips attach

37、ed to a test wheel at the beginningand end of each production run but not less than once in eacheight operating hours.8.3.3 RetestIf a test fails to meet the arc height require-ments of 0.008 Almen C-2, two retests shall be made. Theseretests shall be averaged with the first determination. Theaverag

38、e shall be not less than 0.008 and no more than one valueof the three shall be less than 0.008.8.3.4 RepeeningWhen test values fail to meet the provi-sions of 8.3.3, corrective action shall be initiated and satisfac-tory test values secured before proceeding with productionpeening. If the average Al

39、men value of the unsatisfactory testis 0.006 or 0.007, the last half of the wheels peened prior to theunsatisfactory test, but subsequent to a satisfactory test, shallbe repeened with at least12 exposure time. If the averageAlmen value is less than 0.006, all the wheels peened since thelast satisfac

40、tory test shall be repeened with full exposure.9. Retreatment9.1 Any wheel failing to meet the requirements of Section13 may be retreated and tested in accordance with 13.1 and13.2.10. Mating10.1 Wheels shall be measured and marked to the lowertape number until the next graduation is reached. Wheels

41、 shallbe shipped in pairs of the same measured tape size.NOTE 1The tables of tape sizes may be referred to in the Wheel andAxle Manual of the Association of American Railroads.11. Permissible Dimensional Variations11.1 The wheels shall conform to the permissible dimensionvariations specified in Tabl

42、e 2. When the permissible dimen-sion variations in Table 2 allow a certain percentage of thewheels to vary by a given amount from standard dimensionsfor tape size, the percentage of such wheels shipped by anymanufacturer shall not exceed this percentage during a calen-dar year. No individual purchas

43、er may receive more than thispercentage in daily shipments of such wheels except byagreement with the manufacturer.12. Finish12.1 Wheels shall be rough bored and shall not have blackspots in the rough bore. The front hub face of wheels shall beparallel to the plane of the vertical reference line and

44、 may besmooth forged or machined. The back hub face may be smoothforged or machined.12.2 Wheels shall be machined and finished smooth withoutexcessive tool chatter.12.3 Wheels shall be given a thorough surface examinationand gauging at the place of manufacture before being offeredfor inspection. The

45、y shall have a workmanlike finish and mustbe free of conditions likely to develop in or cause removal fromservice.12.4 Wheels shall not be covered with any substance to suchan extent as to hide defects.12.5 “As forged surfaces shall be free of abrupt changes insection or grooves and in a clean condi

46、tion free of scale priorto final inspection. Where corrective machining or grinding hasbeen employed, such surfaces shall not exceed a roughness of500 in. 12.7 m prior to final shot peening, and a uniformtransition from the machined or ground surface into the planeof the “as forged surface must be p

47、rovided.13. Mechanical Requirements13.1 The Brinell hardness of the rim, when measured inaccordance with the requirements of 13.2, shall show thevalues as listed in Table 3.13.2 Method of MeasurementMeasurement shall bemade on the front face of the rim with the edge of theimpression not less than316

48、 in. 5 mm from the radius joiningface and tread. Before making the impression, surface decar-burization shall be removed from the front face of the rim at thepoint chosen for measurement. The surface of the wheel rimshall be properly prepared to permit accurate determination ofhardness.13.3 Number o

49、f Tests:13.3.1 Where continuous heat-treating furnaces are used,Brinell hardness measurements shall be made on 10 % of thewheels from each heat. Where batch-type heat-treating fur-naces are used, Brinell hardness measurements shall be madeon 10 % of the wheels from each heat-treatment lot, providedthat at least one wheel is selected for test from each heatrepresented in the heat treatment lot. For either process, whenthere are less than 20 wheels from a heat, a minimum of twowheels shall be